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Questions and Answers
What type of muscle tissue is characterized by its striated appearance and voluntary control?
What type of muscle tissue is characterized by its striated appearance and voluntary control?
- Skeletal muscle (correct)
- Smooth muscle
- Involuntary muscle
- Cardiac muscle
Which connective tissue layer surrounds the entire skeletal muscle?
Which connective tissue layer surrounds the entire skeletal muscle?
- Sarcolemma
- Epimysium (correct)
- Endomysium
- Perimysium
What are the contractile elements found within the cytoplasm of skeletal muscle fibers?
What are the contractile elements found within the cytoplasm of skeletal muscle fibers?
- Myofibrils (correct)
- Mitochondria
- Beta glycogen granules
- Myoglobin
Which of the following statements about the nuclei in skeletal muscle fibers is true?
Which of the following statements about the nuclei in skeletal muscle fibers is true?
What do the light bands (I-bands) in skeletal muscle myofibrils primarily contain?
What do the light bands (I-bands) in skeletal muscle myofibrils primarily contain?
What is the term for the cytoplasm of a skeletal muscle fiber?
What is the term for the cytoplasm of a skeletal muscle fiber?
Which connective tissue layer is found surrounding individual muscle fibers?
Which connective tissue layer is found surrounding individual muscle fibers?
What structure within skeletal muscle fibers is responsible for storing calcium ions needed for muscle contraction?
What structure within skeletal muscle fibers is responsible for storing calcium ions needed for muscle contraction?
What is the dark line located at the center of the sarcomere called?
What is the dark line located at the center of the sarcomere called?
Which type of muscle fiber is not characterized by branching and anastomosing fibers?
Which type of muscle fiber is not characterized by branching and anastomosing fibers?
What is the diameter characteristic of smooth muscle fibers?
What is the diameter characteristic of smooth muscle fibers?
How many nuclei are typically found in smooth muscle fibers?
How many nuclei are typically found in smooth muscle fibers?
Where is cardiac muscle primarily located?
Where is cardiac muscle primarily located?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the central nervous system?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the central nervous system?
What type of muscle is formed from a chain of muscle cells linked by intercalated discs?
What type of muscle is formed from a chain of muscle cells linked by intercalated discs?
Which muscle type is involuntary and non-striated?
Which muscle type is involuntary and non-striated?
Which type of neuron is characterized by having one process that divides into an axon and a dendrite?
Which type of neuron is characterized by having one process that divides into an axon and a dendrite?
Which type of glial cell provides myelin in the central nervous system?
Which type of glial cell provides myelin in the central nervous system?
What role do neuroglial cells primarily serve in the nervous system?
What role do neuroglial cells primarily serve in the nervous system?
Which neuron type has many dendrites but no axon?
Which neuron type has many dendrites but no axon?
Which type of neuron is primarily found in the spinal ganglia?
Which type of neuron is primarily found in the spinal ganglia?
What is a key difference between oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells?
What is a key difference between oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells?
Which type of neuron is involved in sensory processes?
Which type of neuron is involved in sensory processes?
How do neuroglial cells differ from neurons regarding mitosis?
How do neuroglial cells differ from neurons regarding mitosis?
What does the perikaryon of a neuron contain?
What does the perikaryon of a neuron contain?
What is the main function of Nissl bodies in a neuron?
What is the main function of Nissl bodies in a neuron?
Which type of cytoplasmic organelle is known for packaging proteins in neurons?
Which type of cytoplasmic organelle is known for packaging proteins in neurons?
In which part of the neuron is the cytoskeleton primarily found?
In which part of the neuron is the cytoskeleton primarily found?
Which statement about neuronal processes is accurate?
Which statement about neuronal processes is accurate?
What distinguishes the length of axons from dendrites?
What distinguishes the length of axons from dendrites?
Which of the following is a characteristic of axons?
Which of the following is a characteristic of axons?
Where are mitochondria predominantly located in neurons?
Where are mitochondria predominantly located in neurons?
What is the shape of astrocytes?
What is the shape of astrocytes?
Which function is primarily associated with astrocytes?
Which function is primarily associated with astrocytes?
What type of cells are microglia primarily known as?
What type of cells are microglia primarily known as?
Which of the following is true about oligodendrocytes?
Which of the following is true about oligodendrocytes?
What is the appearance of microglia?
What is the appearance of microglia?
What role do astrocytes play in response to CNS damage?
What role do astrocytes play in response to CNS damage?
Which cells are responsible for producing myelin in the peripheral nervous system?
Which cells are responsible for producing myelin in the peripheral nervous system?
How do neurons exchange nutrients and waste products?
How do neurons exchange nutrients and waste products?
Study Notes
Neuron Classification
- Neurons classified based on the number of processes: Multipolar, Bipolar, Pseudounipolar, and Anaxonic.
- Multipolar neurons: Multiple dendrites and one axon; found in sympathetic ganglia and the cerebral cortex.
- Bipolar neurons: One process divides into an axon and a dendrite; examples include the retina.
- Pseudounipolar neurons: One process that splits; commonly found in spinal ganglia.
- Anaxonic neurons: No axons; do not produce action potentials and mostly function in local circuit regulation.
Neuroglia (Neuroglial Cells)
- Neuroglia support neuronal activity in the CNS; outnumber neurons by tenfold.
- They do not transmit impulses but provide mechanical and metabolic support.
- Neuroglial cells can divide through mitosis, unlike neurons.
Types of Neuroglia
- Oligodendrocytes: Form myelin in the CNS; wrap around multiple axons.
- Schwann cells: Produce myelin in the PNS; provide insulation for nerve impulses.
- Astrocytes: Star-shaped cells that surround blood vessels; support neurons and form scar tissue in the CNS.
- Microglia: Phagocytic cells in the CNS that can transform into macrophages to clear debris.
Muscular Tissue Overview
- Three types: Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth muscle.
Skeletal Muscle
- Attached to skeletal bones, includes tongue and eye muscles; voluntary control.
- Composed of multi-nucleated fibers and characterized by striations.
- Contains myofibrils made of actin and myosin; organized into fascicles surrounded by connective tissues (epimysium, perimysium, endomysium).
- Each fiber is elongated, 1mm to 30cm in length, with a diameter of 10-100 µm.
Cardiac Muscle
- Found in the heart wall and under involuntary control.
- Composed of branched fibers with intercalated discs; typically one or two central nuclei.
- Characterized by acidophilic cytoplasm with irregular striations.
Smooth Muscle
- Located in the walls of viscera, blood vessels; under involuntary control.
- Comprised of single fusiform cells with a central oval nucleus.
- Small, variable in length, and lacks striations.
Nervous Tissue Structure
- Two main types of cells: Neurons (nerve cells) for impulse transmission and Neuroglia for structural support.
- Neurons consist of a cell body (perikaryon) with a nucleus and organelles, and processes (axon and dendrites).
Neuronal Features
- Axons: Single, variable length, constant diameter. Conduct impulses away from the cell body.
- Dendrites: Multiple, short, and branched. Conduct impulses to the cell body.
Neuron Functions
- Cell body acts as the synthetic center, containing organelles like Nissl bodies (rough endoplasmic reticulum) and Golgi apparatus for protein synthesis.
- Mitochondria present in all parts for energy production.
Comparison of Muscle Types
- Skeletal: Multi-nucleated, long and striated; voluntary.
- Cardiac: Central nuclei, branched; involuntary.
- Smooth: Single nucleus, spindle-shaped; involuntary, non-striated.
Peripheral Nerve Structure
- Composed of bundles of nerve fibers; may be myelinated or unmyelinated.
- Connective tissue surrounds and organizes these fibers.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the classification of neurons based on their physiological characteristics and number of processes. This quiz covers types such as sensory, motor, and interneurons, along with their specific structures like multipolar and pseudounipolar neurons.
