Neuron and Glial Cell Classification
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Questions and Answers

What is a distinctive feature of unipolar neurons?

  • They have one process that includes both the axon and dendrite. (correct)
  • They have two processes: an axon and a dendrite.
  • Their dendrite branches from the axon.
  • They have multiple dendrites and one axon.

    • Where are bipolar neurons mainly found?

  • In the peripheral nervous system ganglia.
  • In the retina of the eye and olfactory epithelium. (correct)
  • In the motor cortex of the brain.
  • In the spinal cord only.

    • What distinguishes multipolar neurons from unipolar and bipolar neurons?

  • They consist of multiple dendrites emerging from the cell body. (correct)
  • Multipolar neurons are exclusively sensory neurons.
  • They have only one process.
  • Multipolar neurons have no axon.

    • What type of neuron are motor neurons classified as?

    <p>Multipolar neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of astrocytes in the CNS?

    <p>They provide structural support to neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In unipolar neurons, where is the cell body located?

    <p>On the side between the two ends.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of glial cell is known for its star-shaped appearance?

    <p>Astrocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding bipolar neurons?

    <p>They consist of two processes that extend from opposite ends of the cell body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function associated with the primary visual cortex (Brodmann area 17)?

    <p>Primary visual perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the primary motor cortex located?

    <p>Precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area is associated with the production of language?

    <p>Broca’s area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of the temporal lobe?

    <p>Creating long-term memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of information is processed by the postcentral gyrus?

    <p>Somatosensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the premotor area?

    <p>Storing motor memory algorithms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Brodmann’s areas are classifications based on what?

    <p>Microscopic structure of the cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes primary cortical areas from association areas?

    <p>Primary areas process sensory information and commands, while association areas do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following senses is NOT processed in the postcentral gyrus?

    <p>Visual information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the prefrontal cortex serve?

    <p>Cognitive functions and personality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Brodmann areas 41 and 42?

    <p>Hearing and auditory sensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the central sulcus in relation to the motor and sensory cortex?

    <p>Divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area is primarily responsible for proprioceptive feedback?

    <p>Parietal lobe (postcentral gyrus)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily assessed during the praxis subtest?

    <p>Transformation of verbal commands into motor movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which task requires a patient to identify objects solely through tactile exploration?

    <p>Stereognosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following brain regions is primarily linked to judgment and abstract reasoning?

    <p>Prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the inability to distinguish between common verbs and nouns suggest?

    <p>Cortical language impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of personality may be influenced by the prefrontal cortex?

    <p>Emotional regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reasoning is assessed when interpreting proverbs during a mental status exam?

    <p>Abstract reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurological procedure was historically used to treat various disorders but often affected personality?

    <p>Frontal lobotomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does gnosis differ from praxis in sensory perception tests?

    <p>Gnosis assesses object manipulation while praxis assesses verbal commands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of feedback do patients utilize while performing praxis tasks?

    <p>Both visual and proprioceptive feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of the insula in relation to language?

    <p>It is associated with V impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about Phineas Gage's case regarding the prefrontal cortex?

    <p>The injury led to noticeable changes in personality traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of comparing pairs of words in the judgment and abstract reasoning subtest?

    <p>It measures semantic knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is language function considered integral to praxis and gnosis?

    <p>They require understanding of verbal commands and object identification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cerebral cortex is primarily responsible for processing sensory information?

    <p>Primary cortical areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of memory is affected in a patient with anterograde amnesia?

    <p>Episodic memory of new experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region integrates sensory information between the somatosensory and visual cortices?

    <p>Posterior parietal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive ability is primarily assessed by asking a patient about the current date and their identity?

    <p>Orientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What memory task assesses the ability to recall information after a short interval?

    <p>Three-word recall test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is long-term storage of episodic memory likely located within the brain?

    <p>Hippocampus and medial temporal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive function is tested by spelling common words backwards?

    <p>Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of memory remains intact for patient HM after surgery?

    <p>Short-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the primary cortical areas?

    <p>Process modality-specific input</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inability to form new memories after surgery in patient HM is an example of which type of amnesia?

    <p>Anterograde amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lobe contains structures critical for working memory?

    <p>Frontal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of processing areas are responsible for complex sensory integrations?

    <p>Integration areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory is most likely impacted by damage to the hippocampus?

    <p>Episodic memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of memory enables the consolidation of short-term memories into long-term storage?

    <p>Episodic memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the basal nuclei?

    <p>To influence the likelihood of movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT part of the basal nuclei?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the basal nuclei is referred to as the striatum?

    <p>Caudate and putamen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the direct pathway in the basal nuclei?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway is characterized by inhibiting the thalamus?

    <p>Indirect pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The globus pallidus has how many subdivisions?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of dopamine on the indirect pathway?

    <p>Inhibits it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure serves as a relay point between the basal nuclei and the cortex?

    <p>Thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which state is the body less likely to initiate movement due to the activity of the substantia nigra pars compacta?

    <p>Passive state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neurotransmitter is primarily released by the cortex as input to the basal nuclei?

    <p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Disinhibition of the thalamus in the direct pathway leads to what outcome?

    <p>Increased likelihood of movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure fits just medial to the putamen in the basal nuclei?

    <p>Globus pallidus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the indirect pathway on cortical excitation?

    <p>It inhibits cortical excitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of shape, how are the globus pallidus and putamen collectively described?

    <p>Lenticular nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of myelin in relation to axons?

    <p>To facilitate the transmission of electrical signals along the axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the brain is primarily responsible for higher neurological functions such as memory and emotion?

    <p>Cerebrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are gyri and sulci in the context of the cerebral cortex?

    <p>The folded surface and the grooves between the folds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Schwann cells differ from oligodendrocytes in their myelination of axons?

    <p>Oligodendrocytes can myelinate multiple axon segments simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure primarily connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?

    <p>Corpus callosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurological phenomenon is often misinterpreted by the concept of right-brained and left-brained people?

    <p>The independence of the cerebral hemispheres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do the gyri and sulci of the cerebral cortex enhance brain functionality?

    <p>They increase the surface area for more gray matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for visual processing?

    <p>Occipital lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function attributed to damage in Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas?

    <p>Language and speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cerebral structure is directly linked to changes in personality and mood when damaged?

    <p>Prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily governs homeostasis in the nervous system?

    <p>Diencephalon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a person with a sectioned corpus callosum, which scenario is likely to occur when asked about contents in both pockets?

    <p>They will only identify contents in the right pocket.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the basal nuclei within the cerebrum?

    <p>Facilitating planning and movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key function is associated with the medial temporal lobe structures, including the hippocampus?

    <p>Long-term memory formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During axon development, how is the glial cell initially wrapped around the axon?

    <p>Loosely or incompletely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the central nervous system is a single structure?

    <p>The spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of a bilateral temporal lobectomy based on the case of patient HM?

    <p>Results in severe memory loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary neurotransmitter produced in the basal forebrain that modulates cortical activity?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the boundaries between different lobes of the cerebral cortex?

    <p>Locations of large gyri and sulci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of astrocytes in the central nervous system?

    <p>Supporting the neurons and maintaining chemical balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is associated with a loss of neurons in the basal forebrain?

    <p>Alzheimer’s disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does myelin benefit unmyelinated axons compared to myelinated ones?

    <p>Myelinated axons send signals faster</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What essential structure separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?

    <p>Longitudinal fissure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do astrocytes help maintain the blood-brain barrier?

    <p>By inducing tight junctions between blood vessel cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is primarily responsible for motion control of limbs?

    <p>Precentral gyrus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept is demonstrated by a patient being able to perform two tasks simultaneously after a corpus callosum section?

    <p>Independence of hemispheres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of glial cell in the CNS is responsible for creating myelin sheaths?

    <p>Oligodendrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What functions do multimodal integration areas of the cortex primarily involve?

    <p>Sensory perception and language processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Schwann cells from oligodendrocytes?

    <p>Schwann cells only wrap around one axon segment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do ependymal cells play in the central nervous system?

    <p>They filter blood to make cerebrospinal fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of the prefrontal cortex?

    <p>Regulating emotions and decision-making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of behavior would result from damage to integration areas of the left hemisphere?

    <p>Aphasia and communication difficulties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason the blood-brain barrier is critically important?

    <p>It prevents rapid changes in extracellular concentrations affecting neuron function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules can easily diffuse through the blood-brain barrier?

    <p>Fat-soluble molecules like alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely outcome for sensory information from the left side of the body?

    <p>It is processed solely in the right hemisphere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes microglia in the central nervous system?

    <p>They are involved in immune responses and phagocytosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure do ependymal cells form around blood vessels in the brain?

    <p>Choroid plexuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glial cell type is primarily responsible for supporting neuronal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>Satellite cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are Schwann cells primarily located?

    <p>Wrapped around axons in the PNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the origins and roles of microglia?

    <p>They are derived from white blood cells and act as immune responders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might pharmaceutical companies face challenges when developing drugs for the nervous system?

    <p>Drugs must bypass the blood-brain barrier to be effective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum expectation for a patient to demonstrate normal cognitive function in the set generation subtest?

    <p>To list at least 10 words in a minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the scenario of the young man with Hodgkin's lymphoma, what aspect of memory was primarily affected according to the events described?

    <p>Specific event memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the role of language in the neurological exam?

    <p>It is essential for patient instructions and communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of aphasia is associated with Broca's area?

    <p>Expressive aphasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Wernicke's area in the context of language?

    <p>To understand the content of language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Conduction aphasia is characterized by difficulty in which area of language processing?

    <p>Repetition of spoken language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the sensorium in relation to sensory stimuli?

    <p>Interprets sensory information consciously and subconsciously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive function is evaluated when a patient is asked to follow complex instructions like touching various body parts?

    <p>Language understanding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The destruction of the white matter tracts connecting Broca's and Wernicke's areas may lead to which language condition?

    <p>Conduction aphasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain region is associated with maintaining balance by processing proprioceptive information?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does expressive aphasia primarily affect in a patient?

    <p>Speech fluency and production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of memory is generally compromised due to damage in specific brain regions related to the immune system, as seen in the young man's case?

    <p>Episodic memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the neurological exam, which subtest would directly assess a patient's ability to produce language?

    <p>Word generation tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding memory loss during the young man's hospital stay is accurate?

    <p>The memory loss was temporary and selective to specific events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for the sense of smell?

    <p>Olfactory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the trigeminal nerve?

    <p>Motor and sensory functions of the face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for controlling eye movements through the lateral rectus muscle?

    <p>Abducens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is associated with the motor control of throat muscles and taste sensation?

    <p>Glossopharyngeal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The oculomotor nerve has which primary function?

    <p>Eye movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side of the brain is primarily associated with language function?

    <p>Left side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition results from damage to the right side of the brain, affecting the understanding of figurative language?

    <p>Aprosodia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'diencephalon' mean?

    <p>Through brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is NOT classified as part of the diencephalon?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of information is primarily relayed through the thalamus?

    <p>Sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is directly involved in regulating homeostasis and connecting with the endocrine system?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is responsible for integrating sensory information from the visual and auditory domains?

    <p>Midbrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary output structure of the basal nuclei that relays motor commands?

    <p>Thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon is implied when speech becomes flat or lacks emotional expression due to brain damage?

    <p>Aprosodia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does information travel from the cerebrum to the rest of the nervous system?

    <p>Additionally through the thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side of the brain predominantly affects the ability to produce verbal responses based on sensory information?

    <p>Left side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which major gland is attached to the hypothalamus and influenced by it?

    <p>Pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the thalamus in the sensory pathway?

    <p>To filter and process sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure serves as the main connection to the cerebellum?

    <p>Pons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the trigeminal nerve?

    <p>Provides cutaneous sensations of the face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is involved in lifting the upper eyelid?

    <p>Oculomotor Nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cranial nerves is purely sensory?

    <p>Vestibulocochlear Nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vagus nerve contributes to homeostatic control of which area?

    <p>Thoracic and upper abdominal cavities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve has fibers that initiate salivation?

    <p>Facial Nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mnemonic sentence corresponds to the basic functions of the cranial nerves?

    <p>Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Brains Beauty Matter More</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerves contain autonomic fibers?

    <p>Oculomotor, Facial, Glossopharyngeal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cranial nerves controls the muscles in the oral cavity and upper throat?

    <p>Glossopharyngeal Nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hypoglossal nerve?

    <p>Control of tongue movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following functions is primarily regulated by the pons and medulla?

    <p>Cardiovascular and respiratory functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structural role of the pons in relation to the cerebellum?

    <p>It serves as the main connection between the cerebellum and the brain stem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve function is associated with the superior colliculus?

    <p>Visual tracking and eye movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical structure is known for housing the auditory pathways in the midbrain?

    <p>Colliculus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain structure is referred to as the 'little brain'?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the location of the cerebellum?

    <p>It is located on the posterior surface of the brain stem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the cerebellum compare incoming information from different sources?

    <p>By coordinating input from both the cerebrum and periphery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What purpose does the reticular formation serve in the brain stem?

    <p>Involvement in sleep and wakefulness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What connects the major ascending and descending pathways between the spinal cord and cerebrum?

    <p>Brain stem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the inferior olive located in relation to the cerebellum?

    <p>It is a nucleus in the medulla sending information to the cerebellum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the midbrain is involved in managing visual and auditory space?

    <p>Tectum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structural composition of the medulla?

    <p>Significant amounts of both gray and white matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical divisions is the midbrain separated into?

    <p>Tectum and tegmentum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is primarily NOT associated with the brain stem?

    <p>Processing visual information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical feature marks the anterior midline of the spinal cord?

    <p>Anterior median fissure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plate of the neural tube develops into neurons responsible for sensory input?

    <p>Alar plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the posterior horn in the spinal cord?

    <p>Sensory processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is NOT associated with the motor functions of the spinal cord?

    <p>Dorsal nerve root</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cauda equina and how is it formed?

    <p>Spinal nerves that resemble a tail formed from the growth of the vertebral column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lateral horn of the spinal cord is primarily involved in which of the following?

    <p>Sympathetic functions of the autonomic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the spinal cord regions from the vertebral column?

    <p>The spinal cord is shorter than the vertebral column after early childhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures primarily transmits sensory information to the spinal cord?

    <p>Dorsal nerve root</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a cross-section of the spinal cord, what arrangement does the gray matter resemble?

    <p>Capital 'H'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the white matter columns of the spinal cord carry?

    <p>Motor commands and sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the anterior horn in the spinal cord?

    <p>Sending out motor signals to skeletal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between the ascending and descending tracts of white matter?

    <p>Ascending tracts transmit sensory information to the brain and descending tracts carry motor commands from the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord and what are they named for?

    <p>31, named for their location along the vertebral column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cervical nerve emerges between the first and second cervical vertebrae?

    <p>C2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cervical plexus?

    <p>To connect to the diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which spinal nerve plexus is responsible for nerves that enervate the anterior leg?

    <p>Lumbar plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nerve arises from the brachial plexus and continues down the arm?

    <p>Radial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which spinal nerves are classified as intercostal nerves?

    <p>T2 through T11</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes a nerve plexus?

    <p>A network of nerve fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve from the sacral plexus is primarily associated with sciatica?

    <p>Sciatic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cranial nerves are classified as purely sensory?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for motor control in the neck?

    <p>CNXI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure emerges from the dorsal nerve root of a spinal nerve?

    <p>Sensory fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the phrenic nerve?

    <p>Innervation of the diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for taste sensation?

    <p>CNVII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What classification accurately describes the role of mixed cranial nerves?

    <p>Both sensory and motor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which spinal nerves does the lumbar plexus arise?

    <p>T12 to L4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Neuron Classification

    • Neurons come in various shapes, crucial for their function
    • Unipolar neurons: Single process merging dendrites and axons forming a T-shape; exclusively sensory neurons; dendrites in periphery, cell bodies in ganglia
    • Bipolar neurons: Two processes (axon and dendrite) extending from opposite sides of the cell body; rare; found in olfactory epithelium and retina
    • Multipolar neurons: Multiple dendrites and one axon extending from the cell body; most common neuron type; include motor neurons and many CNS neurons

    Glial Cells of the CNS

    • Astrocytes: Star-shaped; support neurons by maintaining chemical concentrations, removing signaling molecules, responding to damage, and forming the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
    • Oligodendrocytes: "Few branches"; insulate CNS axons with myelin; single oligodendrocyte can myelinate multiple axon segments
    • Microglia: Smaller glial cells; originate as macrophages, part of the CNS's immune response, removing diseased or damaged cells from the CNS
    • Ependymal cells: Filter blood to produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); line brain ventricles; move CSF through cilia

    Glial Cells of the PNS

    • Satellite cells: Surround neuron cell bodies; support neurons similar to astrocytes in the CNS, but don't form the BBB.
    • Schwann cells: Insulate PNS axons with myelin; a single Schwann cell myelinates only one axon segment, unlike oligodendrocytes which myelinate multiple axons.

    Myelin

    • Myelin is a lipid-rich sheath surrounding axons
    • Increases speed of signal transmission along axons; myelinated axons transmit signals faster than unmyelinated axons
    • Formed by glial cells (oligodendrocytes in CNS, Schwann cells in PNS); structure resembles several layers of glial cell membranes wrapped around the axon, reducing cytoplasm between layers.

    Spinal Nerves

    • Spinal cord: Part of the CNS; main organ of the nervous system
    • Spinal nerves: 31 pairs; combined sensory and motor axons; emerge from the spinal cord via dorsal and ventral roots
    • Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral: Spinal nerves named according to their vertebral level of emergence
    • Cauda equina: Bundle of spinal nerves resembling a horse's tail; extends below spinal cord.
    • Gray horns: Sensory (posterior), motor (anterior), and autonomic (lateral - thoracic)
    • White columns: Ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts

    Cranial Nerves

    • Cranial nerves: 12 pairs (CNI-CNXII); sensory, motor, or mixed; originate from sensory ganglia or motor nuclei in the brainstem.
    • Functions vary, connecting to the head and neck (or in the case of the vagus nerve, organs in the thoracic & abdominal cavities).
    • Mnemonic devices available to aid in remembering them.

    Brain Regions

    • Cerebrum: Largest part of the human brain; includes cerebral cortex, corpus callosum
    • Diencephalon: Deep beneath the cerebrum; Thalamus & Hypothalamus. Relays and processes sensory information except for smell. Hypothalamus regulates homeostasis
    • Brain Stem: (midbrain, pons, medulla): Coordinates sensory input, vital functions.
    • Cerebellum: "Little brain"; coordinates movements, compares intended movements to actual movements to make adjustments, 10% of brain mass
    • Subcortical nuclei: (basal nuclei) Influence cortical processes, movement. Direct and indirect pathways process input from cortex, influence movements. Dopamine released by substantia nigra regulates activity in pathways.
    • Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital Lobes: Specific brain functions reside in different areas
    • Brodmann areas: Microscopic anatomical subdivisions in the cortex that correlate with functional regions
    • Wernicke's and Broca's areas: Language centres
    • Lateralization: Specific functions predominantly located in one cerebral hemisphere (left hemisphere dominant in language)
    • Mental status exam: Assesses cognitive abilities including orientation, memory, language, sensorium, and judgment/reasoning. Specific subtests aid in eliciting neurological behavior

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    This quiz covers the classification of neurons and glial cells in the central nervous system. Learn about unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar neurons, as well as the roles of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. Test your understanding of their functions and significance in neural activities.

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