Neurological Disorders & Head Injuries: Components of the Nervous System
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Questions and Answers

What neurotransmitter is associated with learning and memory, as well as its involvement in Alzheimer’s disease?

  • Norepinephrine
  • Acetylcholine (correct)
  • Dopamine
  • Serotonin

    • Which neurotransmitter is linked to Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia?

  • Glutamate
  • Endogenous opioids
  • Dopamine (correct)
  • Norepinephrine

    • What neurotransmitter is connected to depression, aggression, and schizophrenia?

  • Endogenous opioids
  • Acetylcholine
  • Serotonin (correct)
  • Glutamate

    • Which neurotransmitter is known for its role in anxiety and epilepsy?

    <p>Gamma-aminobutyric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'Gate Keeper' that regulates incoming and outgoing signaling within the brain?

    <p>Reticular Formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plasmalike liquid fills the space between the arachnoid and pia mater layers to provide cushion and support?

    <p>Cerebrospinal fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Controls the changes in the body needed to respond to threats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells in the nervous system are responsible for protecting neurons from pathogens?

    <p>Neuroglia cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can neurons not be replaced if they are damaged?

    <p>They cannot 'cell divide'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system controls the changes required for the 'feed or breed' response?

    <p>Parasympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of nervous system do severed nerves have a better chance of reestablishing connections after injury?

    <p>Peripheral Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neural tissue in the body?

    <p>Generate bioelectrical impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Dura Mater in the skull?

    <p>Lines the skull and separates different parts of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the skull may hemorrhage during severe head trauma?

    <p>Temporal bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the lobes contained in the Middle Fossa of the skull?

    <p>Temporal, occipital, and parietal lobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the meninges is described as a fragile web-like structure?

    <p>Arachnoid Mater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the calculation for cerebral perfusion pressures (CPP)?

    <p>$ ext{Mean Arterial Pressure} - ext{Intracranial Pressures}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered the normal range for Cerebral Perfusion Pressures (CPP)?

    <p>$60-80$ mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Trigeminal Cranial Nerve?

    <p>Chewing, pain, and touch of the face and mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Cranial Nerve is primarily associated with hearing and balance?

    <p>Auditory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Oculomotor Cranial Nerve?

    <p>Movement of the eyeball, pupil, and eyelid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which space is located between the dura mater and the outside of the brain?

    <p>Subdural space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is involved in the movement of the eyeball?

    <p>Abducens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common function of the Glossopharyngeal Cranial Nerve?

    <p>Swallowing and saliva secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the medical emergency status of Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIA)?

    <p>Emergencies that require immediate attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of Hemorrhagic Stroke?

    <p>Ruptured cerebral aneurysm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is typically associated with Hemorrhagic Stroke?

    <p>Difficulty swallowing (Dysphagia)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does AVM stand for in the context of strokes?

    <p>Arteriovenous malformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Cincinnati Stroke Scale help identify?

    <p>Large Vessel Occlusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Los Angeles Motor Scale aid in stroke assessment?

    <p>Assessing Large Vessel Occlusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is being assessed when a patient is asked to show their teeth (smile) in the RACE score?

    <p>Facial palsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the RACE score, how is the Arm Motor Function assessed by extending the patient's arm?

    <p>1: Moderate (limb upheld less than 10 seconds)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the RACE score evaluate by extending the leg of the patient?

    <p>Leg motor function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is moderate Facial Palsy described in the RACE score?

    <p>(slightly asymmetrical)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the RACE score evaluates eye movements and cephalic deviation?

    <p>Leg Motor Function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of ischemic stroke described in the text?

    <p>Thrombotic Cerebral Thrombosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of an Embolic Cerebral Embolism as mentioned in the text?

    <p>A small piece of plaque or clot lodged in a narrow artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Cerebrovascular Accidents (CVA), what is the pathophysiological result of hemorrhagic strokes?

    <p>Infarction caused by impaired cerebral perfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of continued blockage in cases of ischemic strokes due to thrombosis or emboli?

    <p>Brain death due to infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition serves as a warning sign for a possible Stroke, according to the text?

    <p>Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the risk factors associated with Thrombotic Cerebral Thrombosis, as stated in the text?

    <p>&quot;Risk Factors: Resulting from atherosclerosis&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sensitivity rate of the BE FAST assessment in identifying Large Vessel Occlusions?

    <p>0.60</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long after the Last Known Well Time is the treatment window for Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) according to the text?

    <p>6-16 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is recommended for treating Ischemic Stroke according to the text?

    <p>TPA tissue plasminogen activator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk factor for Bell’s Palsy mentioned in the text?

    <p>Infection of herpes simplex virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For Hemorrhagic Stroke, which procedure involves filling an aneurysm with coils to prevent bleeding?

    <p><strong>Coiling</strong> (aneurysm embolization)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main treatment approach for Bell’s Palsy as mentioned in the text?

    <p><strong>Steroids</strong> and ABX</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of injury occurs when the brain strikes the inner surface of the skull opposite the primary impact?

    <p>Contra coup injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of increased Intracranial Pressures (ICP) as per the Monro-Kellie Hypothesis?

    <p>An increase in the volume of one component within a fixed cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hematoma occurs between the dura layers and is characterized by the symptom 'worst headache of my life'?

    <p>Subdural hematoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of injury involves shearing, stretching, or tearing of nerve fibers?

    <p>Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the crucial factor for good outcomes in patients with Diffuse Axonal Injury?

    <p>Initial care by EMS personnel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of patients with Diffuse Axonal Injury considered to be?

    <p>Unpredictable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three components of Cushing's Triad that indicate brain herniation?

    <p>High blood pressure, low heart rate, irregular respirations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which solution is used in severe cases of brain injury to help reduce intracranial pressure?

    <p>Mannitol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal for systolic blood pressures in traumatic brain injuries?

    <p>130-145</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should Dextrose IV solutions be avoided in traumatic brain injuries?

    <p>To avoid increasing intracranial pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the target Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) for traumatic brain injuries?

    <p>&gt;90 MAP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is hyperventilation indicated in traumatic brain injuries only for herniation?

    <p>To decrease intracranial pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased carbon dioxide levels on cerebral blood vessels?

    <p>Increase intracranial pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of an incomplete spinal cord injury known as Anterior cord syndrome?

    <p>Paraplegia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of spinal cord injury is usually fatal?

    <p>C1-C3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of low carbon dioxide levels on blood flow?

    <p>Constrict blood flow resulting in decreased CPP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to manage the airway in cases of spinal cord injury?

    <p>Assist in treating shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hemorrhage is characterized by a lucid period and is arterial in nature?

    <p>Epidural hematoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of brain injury has the highest percentage of patients presenting to the ER, with most making uneventful recoveries?

    <p>Mild brain injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary neurological assessment tool mentioned in the text that helps evaluate neurological function following brain injury?

    <p>Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hemorrhage occurs between the tough mother and cobweb mother and is more common, accounting for 30% of severe brain injuries?

    <p>Subdural hematoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For a patient with a GCS score of 10, what level of brain injury category does this score typically fall under according to the text?

    <p>Moderate brain injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the skull may hemorrhage during severe head trauma, located above the 'tough mother' mentioned in the text?

    <p>Dura mater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary medication used to treat Parkinson's Disease?

    <p>Levodopa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of medications can induce Parkinsonism?

    <p>Antipsychotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic symptom of meningitis?

    <p>Severe headache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of medications is implicated in inducing Serotonin Syndrome?

    <p>SSRIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of bacterial or viral meningitis?

    <p>Bacteria or viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?

    <p>Rapid demyelination of motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of seizure management, which medication is commonly used for its antiseizure properties and not typically for its sedative effects?

    <p>Phenobarbital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Myasthenia Gravis from other autoimmune disorders?

    <p>Sporadic muscle weakness affecting different muscle groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the deadliness of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?

    <p>Progressive muscular neuron death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common sign that would necessitate ventilator support in individuals with Myasthenia Gravis?

    <p>Difficulty swallowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of neurogenic shock as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Central nervous system injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is not typically associated with neuro storms?

    <p>Bradycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of betablockers in the management of spine injuries?

    <p>To control neuro storms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for neurogenic shock according to the text?

    <p>0.9% NS infusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by a 'loss of sensation and reflexes below the injury site'?

    <p>Spinal shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common cause of epilepsy as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Anoxia, trauma, toxins, and metabolic abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathophysiological process that leads to the development of hydrocephalus in meningitis?

    <p>Blockage of the draining system by thickened CSF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sign is used to assess resistance to painful knee extension in Kernig's sign?

    <p>Hip reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most serious form of Spina Bifida where both meninges and spinal cord protrude through an opening in the vertebral column?

    <p>Myelomeningocele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cerebral palsy, what is the primary cause of bilateral paralysis resulting from inadequate blood or oxygen supply to the brain?

    <p>Inadequate supply during fetal development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is a characteristic sign of meningitis indicating neck stiffness?

    <p>Neck rigidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reflex response when pressure is applied to the cheeks in Brudzinski's sign?

    <p>Forearm flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which autoimmune condition is characterized by symptoms progressing from distal to proximal and typically does not affect cardiac muscles?

    <p>Guillain-Barre Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main feature of Multiple Sclerosis caused by the release of lymphokines and cytokines?

    <p>Sensory impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurological disorder involves a degenerative process affecting dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia?

    <p>Parkinson's Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Guillain-Barre Syndrome from Multiple Sclerosis in terms of muscle paralysis?

    <p>Progresses from proximal to distal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition causes damage to nerve cells and targets muscles in the body, leading to poor speech and dysphagia?

    <p>Multiple Sclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Guillain-Barre Syndrome from Parkinson's Disease in terms of progression and duration of symptoms?

    <p>Rapidly progressive over days to weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Here are the study notes for the text:

    Neurotransmitters and Diseases

    • Acetylcholine: effects on learning and memory, Alzheimer's disease, and PNS muscle movement
    • Dopamine: Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia
    • Norepinephrine: Depression
    • Serotonin: Depression, aggression, and schizophrenia
    • Glutamate: Learning and major excitatory neuron
    • Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA): Anxiety and epilepsy
    • Endogenous opioids: Pain and analgesia

    Reticular Formation and Reticular Activation System

    • Reticular Formation: "Gate Keeper", regulates incoming and outgoing signaling
    • Reticular Activation System: responsible for alertness and formulation of responses

    Central Nervous System (CNS)

    • Skull: houses and protects the brain
    • Vertebral column: houses and protects the spinal cord
    • Meninges: membranes that encase the CNS
      • Dura mater: outer and toughest layer
      • Arachnoid layer: middle layer with a spider web-like vascular system
      • Pia mater: innermost layer
    • Cerebrospinal fluid: plasma-like liquid that fills the space between the arachnoid and pia mater layers

    Skull and Spinal Cord

    • Skull: a rigid case that protects the brain
    • Spinal cord: housed inside and protected by the vertebrae of the spinal column
    • Bones of the skull:
      • Frontal bone
      • Parietal bone
      • Temporal bone
      • Occipital bone
      • Sphenoid, Lacrimal, and Ethmoid bones

    Cranial Fossa

    • Anterior Fossa: contains the frontal lobes
    • Middle Fossa: contains the temporal, occipital, and parietal lobes
    • Posterior Fossa: contains the brainstem and cerebellum

    Cerebral Perfusion Pressures (CPP)

    • Calculation: Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) - Intracranial Pressure (ICP)
    • Normal CPP: 60-80 mmHg
    • Normal ICP: 5-10 mmHg

    Neurological Disorders and Head Injuries

    • Types of strokes:
      • Hemorrhagic stroke: bleeding in the brain
      • Ischemic stroke: blockage of blood flow to the brain
    • Signs and symptoms of stroke:
      • Sudden weakness or numbness of the face, arm, or leg
      • Sudden confusion or trouble speaking
      • Sudden trouble seeing or blurred vision
      • Sudden severe headache with no known cause
      • Sudden loss of balance or coordination
    • Traumatic brain injury:
      • Focal brain injury: damage to a specific area of the brain
      • Diffuse axonal injury: damage to the brain cells and their connections

    Neurological Assessment

    • Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS): assesses the level of consciousness
    • Pupils:
      • Reactivity to light
      • Size and shape
    • Muscle responses:
      • Gross motor assessments
      • Muscle strength and tone

    Trauma to the Head and Spine

    • Skull fractures:
      • Linear fracture
      • Depressed fracture
      • Basilar fracture
    • Spinal cord injuries:
      • Complete injury: total loss of motor and sensory function below the level of injury
      • Incomplete injury: partial loss of motor and sensory function below the level of injury

    Hospital Treatment

    • Mild to moderate head injuries: watch and wait, antiemetic and anti-seizure medication

    • Severe head injuries:

      • Hypertonic solutions
      • Mannitol
      • Craniotomy
      • Ventricular drainage

    • Spinal cord injuries:

      • Immobilization and stabilization
      • Steroids to reduce inflammation
      • Surgical intervention to stabilize the spine### Guillain-Barré Syndrome

    • Rapidly progressive and potentially fatal motor neuropathy that develops in 7-12 days

    • Caused by an autoimmune response that destroys the myelin sheath surrounding axons

    • Symptoms progress from distal to proximal and usually do not affect cardiac muscles

    • Symptoms last up to 6 months to years

    • Treatment is clinically based on the signs and symptoms

    • If treated, patients can recover

    Multiple Sclerosis

    • Demyelination of the white matter of the brain and spinal cord caused by the release of lymphokines and cytokines
    • Injury to the underlying axons damages nerve cells and targets muscles
    • Symptoms include:
      • Sensory impairment
      • Weakness
      • Paralysis
      • Hyperreflexia
      • Tremors
      • Poor speech
      • Dysphagia
    • Treatment involves:
      • Muscle relaxants
      • Steroids

    Parkinson's Disease

    • Disorder of the extrapyramidal system characterized by:
      • Progressive muscle rigidity
      • Akinesia (loss of voluntary muscle movement)
      • Tremors
    • Caused by a degenerative process involving the dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia
    • The affected area is responsible for:
      • Posture
      • Coordination
      • Voluntary motor movements

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    Description

    Learn about the components of the nervous system, including the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). Explore how the CNS and PNS work together to receive and react to environmental stimuli at a physiologic and cognitive level.

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