30 Questions
What causes the pathological or spontaneous nystagmus in animals?
No input from one side of the vestibular system
How can a lesion in the apparatus including the tympanic membrane and 3 small bones affect an animal?
Result in deafness
What is the function of the cochlea in animals?
Convert sound waves into electrical impulses
Why is it important to test an animal's hearing with a loud clap out of its field of view?
To get a yes or no response
What could be a symptom of a lesion in the cochlea in an animal?
Deafness
How does a brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) help in testing an animal's hearing?
Provides an objective way to test hearing
What is the purpose of the first test mentioned in the text?
To test proprioception in the distal limb
Where does proprioceptive information travel to after reaching the brainstem?
To the sensorimotor cortex
What is the function of proprioceptive pathways?
To carry general proprioceptive information
Why are proprioceptive pathways sensitive to injury?
Due to their length, reaching from toe to brainstem
In what circumstance might abnormalities in proprioceptive positioning occur before motor dysfunction is detected?
When significant paresis exists
What does the hopping reaction test evaluate?
Postural reactions
What is being assessed during the swinging flashlight test?
Pupillary light reflex abnormalities
In a patient with mydriasis in the right eye, if shining a light in the right eye causes the left eye to constrict, what does this indicate?
Lesion in the occulomotor nerve on the right
What symptoms are observed in Horner syndrome?
Constricted pupil, drooping lid, sunken eye
Where does the second order neuron of the oculo-sympathetic pathway begin?
Gray matter of T1, T2, T3 spinal cord segments
What condition should be assessed if miosis (small pupil) is present during the examination?
Horner syndrome
If shining a light in the right eye does not lead to constriction in either eye but constriction occurs when light is shone on the left eye, where is the likely lesion location?
Pre-chiasmal on the right
What should be inspected in the tongue to assess the Hypoglossal Nerve?
Asymmetry
What is a common behavior observed in animals immediately after testing the gag reflex?
Licking their nose
In patients with unilateral loss of innervation, what is a common observation regarding tongue movement?
Tongue deviates towards the unaffected side
Which action can help in assessing tongue function along with other cranial nerve functions?
Watching the patient drink water
What is involved in evaluating proprioception through Paw (Foot, Hoof, Limb) Placement?
Evaluating light touch and pressure
What is the incorrect assumption to make regarding abnormalities observed during proprioceptive dysfunction evaluation?
Assuming it only affects sensory functions
Which of the following is true about clonus?
It is often associated with UMN injury
What is the significance of bilateral exaggerated reflexes?
Indicate damage to UMN pathways above the level of the reflex
Which nerve innervates the cranial tibial muscle involved in testing the cranial tibial reflex?
Peroneal nerve
What reflex is elicited when striking the gastrocnemius muscle tendon?
Extension of the hock
How should one interpret absent or decreased reflexes?
With caution as it may be an examiner error
In a normal animal, which reflex is more difficult to elicit, compared to the patellar reflex?
Cranial tibial reflex
Test your knowledge on the neurological assessment of cranial nerves, focusing on identifying lesions and nerve functions. Questions cover topics such as the internal branch of CN XI, Hypoglossal Nerve, tongue inspection, and the gag reflex.
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