Questions and Answers
What are common characteristics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?
Which of the following factors is NOT associated with a higher risk of developing autism spectrum disorder?
In what way can applied behavior analysis be described?
Which symptom is associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
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What is a common misconception regarding the etiology of autism spectrum disorder?
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Which of the following best describes a symptom related to ASD in children?
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What is one of the most common first-line treatments for ADHD?
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Which brain regions are notably involved in autism spectrum disorder?
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What behavioral characteristic might an infant with autism spectrum disorder display?
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What challenge is typically faced by individuals with autism spectrum disorder in adulthood?
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Study Notes
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Manifest during childhood, often due to genetic factors, atypical brain development, or parental exposure to harmful substances.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
- Characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction across various contexts.
- Involves repetitive behaviors, interests, and activities; children may exhibit behaviors such as not wanting to cuddle or failing to speak.
- Adults may have difficulties in communication; repetitive behaviors include actions like opening and closing doors or head banging.
- Individuals may develop intense interests in specific topics, such as trains or cars.
- Temple Grandin is a noted scientist who has experience with autism; symptoms relate to central cognition, motivation, and sensory processing.
Etiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder
- ASD is not linked to vaccines or parenting styles; misconceptions can arise due to illusory correlations—where two simultaneous events are wrongly perceived as connected.
- Risk factors include:
- Advanced maternal age during pregnancy
- Maternal health issues like diabetes and hypertension
- Exposure to chemicals by parents
- Birth complications
- Seizures occurring post-birth
- Important genetic influences and specific brain networks implicated in ASD involve the occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes.
Applied Behavior Analysis
- Utilizes principles of operant conditioning to modify human behavior, often applied in treatment strategies.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- Symptoms include inattention, such as wandering off task and difficulty maintaining focus, hyperactivity characterized by excessive, inappropriate activity, and impulsivity, which involves acting without planning.
- Symptoms typically emerge before age 12.
- Risk factors for developing ADHD include low birth weight, premature birth, and prenatal exposure to alcohol and smoking.
Treatment for ADHD
- Stimulant medications like Ritalin or Adderall are commonly prescribed as initial treatment options.
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Description
This quiz explores neurodevelopmental disorders, particularly focusing on Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). It highlights the characteristics, such as persistent deficits in social communication and repetitive behaviors, alongside their potential genetic and environmental causes. Test your knowledge about early signs and implications of these conditions.
