21 Questions
What is one of the brain areas found to have abnormalities in individuals with ASD?
Lateral occipital lobe
What is the heritability rate for ASD between monozygotic (identical) twins?
90%
Which brain areas show decreased activation in individuals with ASD, and are involved in processing intentions of others?
Amygdala and prefrontal cortex
What is the average prevalence of ASD in Europe, Asia, and North America?
1-2%
Which gender is more affected by ASD according to the given information?
Boys (1/42)
What percentage of children had a diagnosis of intellectual disability in the 2012 surveillance year?
31.6%
Has the incidence of ASD been increasing over time according to the information provided?
Yes, there has been an increase in prevalence since 2002
Which of the following brain areas is NOT mentioned as having abnormalities in individuals with ASD?
Frontal lobe (decision-making)
What is the estimated heritability rate for ASD according to the information provided?
60-80%
Which brain area shows decreased activation in individuals with ASD and is involved in processing intentions of others?
Amygdala
What is the concordance rate for ASD between dizygotic twins according to the information provided?
0-9%
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a perinatal factor associated with ASD?
Delivery by cesarean section
What brain region is associated with poor motor performance and repetitive/stereotyped behavior in individuals with ASD?
Pericentral region (sensorimotor processing)
Based on the information provided, what area of the brain shows abnormalities related to motion processing in individuals with ASD?
Abnormalities in lateral occipital lobe
According to the given information, has the prevalence of ASD in Europe, Asia, and North America remained the same between 1980 and 2009?
No, it has increased to 8.2 per 1000 by 2009
Which age group has shown a linear rise in autism prevalence according to the given information?
Children aged 9-10 years
Which factor is reported to account for up to 24% of the increase in ASD prevalence rates in California between 1992 and 2005?
Changes in diagnostic practices
What does the data from the US registry report regarding the incidence of ASD since 2002?
An increase in prevalence rates
What is the ratio of boys to girls affected by ASD according to the given information?
1/42 boys to 1/189 girls
What was the reported prevalence of ASD worldwide between 1980 and 2009?
3.6 per 1000 in 1980 / 8.2 per 1000 in 2009
According to the given information, what factors have contributed to the increase in ASD prevalence rates?
Broader diagnostic criteria and reliance on clinical diagnoses
Study Notes
- Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has a prevalence of 1-2% in Europe, Asia, and North America (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).
- Boys are more commonly diagnosed with ASD than girls, with a ratio of 1:42 for boys and 1:189 for girls (Christensen et al., 2016).
- The worldwide prevalence of ASD was 3.6 per 1000 people between 1980 and 2009, with the rate increasing from 8.2 per 100,000 people in 1980 to 36.5 per 100,000 people in 2009 (Baxter et al., 2015).
- The incidence of ASD has been increasing, with reports of a rise in prevalence since 2002 in the US (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) and the UK (Baird et al., 2006). However, a UK community survey found that prevalence rates in younger cohorts were consistent with those of older cohorts (Brugha et al., 2011).
- Changes in practices of autism diagnosis account for up to 24% of the increase in prevalence rates in California between 1992 and 2005 (King & Bearman, 2009). Broader criteria and a shift from clinical diagnoses to research diagnoses have contributed to the differences in ASD diagnosis rates (Barbaresi et al., 2009).
- The aetiology of ASD is linked to both biological and environmental factors.
- Biological factors include brain structure abnormalities, such as larger cerebral volume, excess white matter, and abnormalities in the lateral occipital lobe, pericentral region, basal ganglia, medial temporal lobe, and right parietal operculum (Filipek, 1999; Nickl-Jockschat et al., 2012).
- Genetic factors play a significant role in the development of ASD, with heritability estimated at 60-91% for monozygotic twins and 0-9% for dizygotic twins (Rutter et al., 1990; Bailey et al., 1995; Steffenberg, 1989; Wenar & Kerig, 2011). Many genes have been implicated in the development of ASD, leading to genetic heterogeneity.
- Perinatal factors, such as extremely preterm birth, have been linked to an increased risk of developing ASD (Stevenson et al., 2011).
Test your knowledge on the prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) around the world. Learn about the average prevalence in Europe, Asia, and North America, gender differences, and changes in incidence over time.
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