Neurodegenerative Diseases Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is most likely the missing neurotransmitter causing jerky involuntary movements in Huntington's disease?

  • Glutamate
  • Serotonin
  • GABA (correct)
  • Dopamine

What type of neurons are primarily degenerated in the cortex and striatum due to Huntington's disease?

  • Glutamatergic neurons
  • Dopaminergic neurons
  • GABAergic neurons (correct)
  • Cholinergic neurons

How many CAG repeats in DNA are associated with typical Huntington's disease?

  • 20
  • 35
  • 2
  • 120 (correct)

If a person has 119 CAG repeats in their DNA, how many glutamines will be present in the resulting protein?

<p>119 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What genetic characteristic is linked to Huntington's disease?

<p>CAG repeat expansion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain condition primarily affects the memory and is characterized by specific changes in ventricle size and brain tissue volume?

<p>Alzheimer's disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular event is commonly seen in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer's disease?

<p>Formation of neurofibrillary tangles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is linked to mutations at both the DNA and protein levels leading to progressive motor function loss?

<p>Huntington's disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a person with Parkinson's disease commonly behave in the early stages of the condition?

<p>Tremors and stiffness in muscles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the likelihood of a child inheriting amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) if one parent has the condition?

<p>Genetic predisposition of the parents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by 119 CAG repeats in DNA?

<p>Encodes for 119 Gln repeats in protein (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptoms are typically exhibited by patients with Parkinson's Disease?

<p>Resting tremor and gait disturbances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is most likely to develop Parkinson's Disease due to environmental factors?

<p>Farmers in Central California who use pesticides and carry a susceptible gene (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of most cases of Parkinson's Disease?

<p>Gene-environment interactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could be a significant consequence of living longer in terms of brain health?

<p>It may be associated with brain degeneration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Alzheimer's disease?

<p>Presence of protein aggregates in neurons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is associated with the gradual loss of motor neurons?

<p>Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structure is primarily affected in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease?

<p>Hippocampus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common behavioral effect of motoneuron loss in ALS?

<p>Progressive muscle weakness and eventual paralysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic factor is associated with an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease?

<p>Presence of the APOE gene (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the ventricles of individuals with Alzheimer's disease typically characterized?

<p>Enlarged compared to elderly without Alzheimer's (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a case where both parents carry one copy of the ALS gene, what is the probability that their child will inherit ALS?

<p>50% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is neurodegeneration?

<p>Gradual loss of structure or function of brain tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Brain areas affected in Alzheimer's Disease

Initial brain areas affected in Alzheimer's Disease are not explicitly stated in the provided text but are expected to be learned in the context of the subject's content.

Brain areas affected in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

The initial brain areas affected in ALS (Lou Gehrig's disease) are not explicitly stated in the provided text and should be learned in the context of the subject's materials.

Gene mutations and Huntington's disease

Huntington's disease is caused by specific mutations on the DNA and protein level, these mutations are not stated in this document but are part of the topic.

Determining death (brain death)

Brain death is a complex medical concept with specific criteria. This text only touches on how the government in a specific location treats brain death.

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States of consciousness

States of consciousness, like coma, vegetative state, etc., are different levels of impaired awareness. These are not diseases but rather medical conditions.

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Neurodegeneration

Gradual loss of brain structure or function.

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Alzheimer's Disease

A neurodegenerative disease marked by amyloid plaques and tau tangles.

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Amyloid plaques

Extracellular clumps of protein in neurons, a hallmark of Alzheimer's.

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Tau tangles

Twisted protein threads inside neurons associated with Alzheimer's.

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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

A neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons.

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Motor neuron loss symptoms

Progressive muscle weakness, spasticity, and eventual paralysis.

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Genetic Factors (Alzheimer's)

Having a specific APOE gene increases the risk of Alzheimer's.

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Genetic Factors (ALS)

In 10% of ALS cases, a dominant mutation is the cause, and 50% chance of inheritance.

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Huntington's Disease: What's the movement problem?

Huntington's Disease is characterized by chorea, which are jerky, involuntary movements that the person cannot control.

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Huntington's Disease: Missing Neurotransmitter

Huntington's Disease is associated with a deficiency in GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter. This lack of GABA leads to the uncontrolled movements characteristic of the disease.

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Huntington's Disease: What brain areas degenerate?

Huntington's Disease affects neurons in the cortex and striatum, brain regions involved in movement control and coordination.

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Huntington's Disease: What is the cause?

Huntington's Disease is caused by a mutation in the Huntingtin (HTT) gene involving an abnormal repetition of the CAG sequence. This causes a longer, dysfunctional protein to be produced.

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Huntington's Disease: How many CAG repeats does the protein have?

The number of CAG repeats in the protein is the same as the number of repeats in the DNA. So, if the DNA has 119 CAG repeats, the protein will also have 119 CAG repeats.

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What does CAG code for?

CAG, a DNA triplet, codes for the amino acid glutamine. Therefore, a series of CAG repeats in DNA translates into a chain of glutamine residues in the corresponding protein.

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What is Parkinson's Disease?

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, a brain region crucial for movement control.

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Dopamine and PD

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter involved in both reward and movement. The loss of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's Disease leads to impairments in these functions, resulting in tremor, instability, and gait disturbances.

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Is Parkinson's Disease always hereditary?

While there are genetic factors associated with Parkinson's Disease, most cases are caused by a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors. This means it's not simply an inherited condition.

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MPTP and Parkinson's Disease

MPTP, a synthetic drug, can induce Parkinson's Disease-like symptoms. This suggests that exposure to certain environmental toxins can contribute to the development of the disease.

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Study Notes

Learning Objectives

  • Rank brains (young, old, Alzheimer's) by ventricle size and tissue volume.
  • Identify brain areas initially affected by Alzheimer's, ALS, Huntington's, and Parkinson's diseases.
  • Describe behavioral patterns in individuals with Alzheimer's, ALS, Huntington's, and Parkinson's diseases.
  • Detail cellular events in affected brains for Alzheimer's, ALS, Huntington's, and Parkinson's diseases.
  • Recall Huntington's disease DNA and protein-level mutations.
  • Predict ALS likelihood in children based on parental genotypes.

Neurological Conditions

  • Alzheimer's Disease: Characterized by extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular tau tangles in neurons. Symptoms include memory loss and behavioral disturbances. The disease involves a gradual loss of brain structure and function, starting around the hippocampus.
  • Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): Often called Lou Gehrig's disease. A degenerative disease causing motor neuron loss in the spinal cord and brain stem. Symptoms of progressive muscle weakness and spasticity can lead to paralysis. In some cases, ALS has genetic components.
  • Huntington's Disease: Characterized by chorea (jerky involuntary movements). Symptoms are caused by a build-up of mutated Huntingtin protein in neurons. The disease involves degenerated neurons in the cortex and striatum (a brain area near the substantia nigra) that affects a person's ability to control their muscles. The disease is hereditary, caused by multiple, multiple CAG repeats in DNA.
  • Parkinson's Disease (PD): Characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Symptoms include a resting tremor, postural instability, and gait disturbances. PD is often partially caused by gene-environment interactions (like pesticide exposure). The disease shows Lewy bodies and alpha-synuclein fibrils at a cellular level.

Brain Structure and Function

  • Brain ventricles are fluid-filled spaces in the brain. Ventricles widen in elderly brains and in brains with Alzheimer's disease.
  • The substantia nigra and striatum are brain regions involved in motor control.

Genetic Factors

  • Genetic mutations (like CAG repeats in Huntingon's and specific APOE gene forms in Alzheimer's) increase risk of certain neurodegenerative diseases.
  • In some ALS cases, a dominant mutation has a 50% likelihood of being passed to offspring.

Additional Information

  • In Singapore, the government claims the body's organs belong to the government if the person is deemed brain dead, despite an opt-out system.
  • Death can be considered a spectrum, not a singular point.
  • Different cognitive and motor function states exist on a spectrum.
  • The brain has big holes in it in some cases.
  • People are living longer but may have shrinking brains.
  • Drug use and exposure to certain environmental factors, such as pesticides, may also increase risk of neurodegenerative diseases.

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Bio35 Lecture 20 Neurodegenerative Diseases 2024 PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's disease. This quiz covers essential aspects such as genetic factors, neurotransmitter involvement, and clinical manifestations. Challenge yourself to see how well you understand these conditions and their effects on the brain.

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