Neurodegenerative Diseases Overview
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Questions and Answers

What specific group of neurons in the central nervous system is responsible for fine-tuning an organism's movements?

  • Neurons in the ventral midbrain
  • Neurons in the basal ganglia
  • Neurons in the substantia nigra (correct)
  • Neurons in the cerebral cortex

    • Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in the interaction between neurons of the substantia nigra and the basal ganglia?

  • Glutamate
  • Serotonin
  • Acetylcholine
  • Dopamine (correct)

    • What are the cardinal motor symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease?

  • Ataxia, dysarthria, and nystagmus
  • Hemiballismus, chorea, and dystonia
  • Muscle weakness, fasciculations, and spasticity
  • Tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia (correct)

    • In the context of neurodegenerative diseases, what is one of the pathological features of Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Neuronal inclusions containing α-synuclein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After Alzheimer's disease, which disorder is considered the second most common neurodegenerative disease?

    <p>Parkinson's disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is affected by degeneration and loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic innervation in Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Substantia nigra (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurodegenerative disease is characterized by the degeneration of striatal neurons and the presence of involuntary jerky movements called chorea?

    <p>Huntington Disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the autosomal dominant trinucleotide repeat found in the gene responsible for Huntington Disease?

    <p>CTG (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of Huntington Disease progression is characterized by prominent chorea and dystonia as clinical features?

    <p>Hyperkinetic phenotype (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of protein aggregates are potentially injurious in Huntington Disease?

    <p>Mutant huntingtin protein aggregates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is affected by degeneration in Huntington Disease?

    <p>Striatum (caudate and putamen) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cognitive dysfunction seen in individuals with Huntington Disease?

    <p>Poor executive function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the mis-folding and aggregation of alpha-synuclein into Lewy Bodies in Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Defects in autophagy and lysosomal degradation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical clinical presentation seen in patients with Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the usual cause of death in patients with Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Aspiration pneumonia or trauma from falls (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What microscopic feature can be observed in the substantia nigra area of a healthy brain?

    <p>Melanin-pigmented substantia nigra neurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the loss of substantia nigra neurons in Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Gradual slowness of spontaneous movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of alpha-synuclein aggregation on neurotransmission in Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Reduced availability of dopamine for neurotransmission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene mutation is associated with ALS pathogenesis?

    <p>SOD1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of death in ALS patients?

    <p>Respiratory failure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are affected in ALS that lead to muscle weakness and wasting?

    <p>Lower motor neurons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific symptom is characteristic of Wernicke encephalopathy?

    <p>Confabulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the spinal cord is primarily affected in subacute combined degeneration?

    <p>Posterior and lateral columns (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism causing Wernicke encephalopathy?

    <p>Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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