Neurodegenerative Diseases Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in the fine tuning of an organism's movements?

  • Acetylcholine
  • Serotonin
  • Dopamine (correct)
  • Glutamate

    • What characterizes Parkinson’s disease (PD) in patients as the disease progresses?

  • Postural instability (correct)
  • Muscle weakness
  • Memory loss
  • Visual disturbances

    • After Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease?

  • Huntington's disease
  • Parkinson’s disease (PD) (correct)
  • Multiple sclerosis
  • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

    • What is the primary pathological feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD)?

    <p>Degeneration and loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic innervation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is found in the neuronal inclusions characteristic of Parkinson’s disease (PD)?

    <p>Alpha-synuclein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the neurons of the substantia nigra located within the central nervous system?

    <p>Ventral midbrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is characterized by the degeneration of striatal neurons and involuntary jerky movements of the body?

    <p>Huntington Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name given to the cytoplasmic protein aggregates found in some remaining neurons in Parkinson's Disease?

    <p>Lewy Bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the autosomal dominant trinucleotide repeat found in the huntingtin gene in Huntington Disease?

    <p>CAG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of Huntington Disease is characterized by prominent chorea and dystonia?

    <p>Hyperkinetic phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is associated with Hypokinetic phenotypes in Huntington Disease?

    <p>Bradykinesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease results in the loss of most SN neurons and insoluble cytoplasmic protein aggregates?

    <p>Parkinson's Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) pathogenesis?

    <p>Mutations in the superoxide dismutase gene (SOD1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a specific symptom of upper motor neuron involvement in ALS?

    <p>Brisk tendon reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the neuropsychiatric syndrome resulting from thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency?

    <p>Wernicke encephalopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main clinical features of Korsakoff syndrome?

    <p>Profound anterograde amnesia and temporally graded retrograde amnesia with confabulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the gross features associated with Wernicke encephalopathy?

    <p>Petechial hemorrhages involving mammillary bodies and bilateral subcortical regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord?

    <p>Cobalamin deficiency from a vegetarian diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of Lewy bodies in Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Defects in autophagy and lysosomal degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain experiences a reduction in dopamine availability in Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Corpus striatum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the typical clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Parkinson's disease usually progress over time?

    <p>Progresses over 10 to 15 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of death in Parkinson's patients according to the text?

    <p>Aspiration pneumonia or trauma from falls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathological examination of a healthy patient likely to reveal regarding dopamine neurons?

    <p>Healthy substantia nigra reveals typical pigmented dopamine neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

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