Neurodegenerative Diseases Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in the fine tuning of an organism's movements?

  • Acetylcholine
  • Serotonin
  • Dopamine (correct)
  • Glutamate

What characterizes Parkinson’s disease (PD) in patients as the disease progresses?

  • Postural instability (correct)
  • Muscle weakness
  • Memory loss
  • Visual disturbances

After Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease?

  • Huntington's disease
  • Parkinson’s disease (PD) (correct)
  • Multiple sclerosis
  • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

What is the primary pathological feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD)?

<p>Degeneration and loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic innervation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protein is found in the neuronal inclusions characteristic of Parkinson’s disease (PD)?

<p>Alpha-synuclein (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the neurons of the substantia nigra located within the central nervous system?

<p>Ventral midbrain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is characterized by the degeneration of striatal neurons and involuntary jerky movements of the body?

<p>Huntington Disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the cytoplasmic protein aggregates found in some remaining neurons in Parkinson's Disease?

<p>Lewy Bodies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the autosomal dominant trinucleotide repeat found in the huntingtin gene in Huntington Disease?

<p>CAG (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of Huntington Disease is characterized by prominent chorea and dystonia?

<p>Hyperkinetic phenotype (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is associated with Hypokinetic phenotypes in Huntington Disease?

<p>Bradykinesia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease results in the loss of most SN neurons and insoluble cytoplasmic protein aggregates?

<p>Parkinson's Disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) pathogenesis?

<p>Mutations in the superoxide dismutase gene (SOD1) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a specific symptom of upper motor neuron involvement in ALS?

<p>Brisk tendon reflexes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the neuropsychiatric syndrome resulting from thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency?

<p>Wernicke encephalopathy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main clinical features of Korsakoff syndrome?

<p>Profound anterograde amnesia and temporally graded retrograde amnesia with confabulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the gross features associated with Wernicke encephalopathy?

<p>Petechial hemorrhages involving mammillary bodies and bilateral subcortical regions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord?

<p>Cobalamin deficiency from a vegetarian diet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of Lewy bodies in Parkinson's disease?

<p>Defects in autophagy and lysosomal degradation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain experiences a reduction in dopamine availability in Parkinson's disease?

<p>Corpus striatum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the typical clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease?

<p>Tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Parkinson's disease usually progress over time?

<p>Progresses over 10 to 15 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of death in Parkinson's patients according to the text?

<p>Aspiration pneumonia or trauma from falls (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathological examination of a healthy patient likely to reveal regarding dopamine neurons?

<p>Healthy substantia nigra reveals typical pigmented dopamine neurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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