Neurodegenerative Diseases Pharmacology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which drug is a dopamine precursor?

  • Entacapone
  • Selegiline
  • Bromocriptine
  • Levodopa (correct)

    • Which drug is a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor?

  • Carbidopa (correct)
  • Amantadine
  • Pergolide
  • Rasagiline

    • Which drug is an MAO-B inhibitor?

  • Entacapone
  • Procyclidine
  • Rasagiline (correct)
  • Tolcapone

    • Which drug is a COMT inhibitor?

    <p>Entacapone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is used to minimize resting tremor and drooling but is not as effective for rigidity and bradykinesia?

    <p>Procyclidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is a dopamine facilitator?

    <p>Amantadine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is a central anticholinergic?

    <p>Procyclidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor?

    <p>Carbidopa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is a dopamine precursor?

    <p>Levodopa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is an MAO-B inhibitor?

    <p>Selegiline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Joseph Lister introduce as antiseptic principles?

    <p>Phenol/carbolic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of health care concerning infections?

    <p>Prevention and treatment of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of modern antimicrobial chemotherapy?

    <p>Selective toxicity to kill one type of organism while not harming another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are germicides?

    <p>Anti-infective agents used locally to kill pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who worked on antibacterial dyes and antiparasitic organic arsenicals as 'magic bullets' for treating infections?

    <p>Paul Ehrlich</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Joseph Lister use for antiseptic principles in surgery and post-traumatic injury?

    <p>Phenol/carbolic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prime concern in the health care system concerning infections?

    <p>Prevention and treatment of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of modern antimicrobial chemotherapy?

    <p>Selective toxicity to kill one type of organism while not harming another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are germicides?

    <p>Anti-infective agents used locally to kill pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who worked on antibacterial dyes and antiparasitic organic arsenicals as 'magic bullets' for treating infections?

    <p>Paul Ehrlich</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antiseptic is a charge transfer complex of iodine with nonionic surfactant polymer polyvinyl-pyrrolidone (PVP)?

    <p>Povidone iodine (Betadine, PVP-iodine)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antiseptic is a broad spectrum antibacterial biguanide, but not effective against acid-fast bacteria, spores, or virus?

    <p>Chlorhexidine gluconate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antiseptic is a dark green crystal and is used for the treatment of cystitis and urethritis?

    <p>Methylene Blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antiseptic is incorporated into ointment bases for the treatment of localized infections and syphilis?

    <p>Thiomerosal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which preservative is a derivative of p-Hydroxybenzoic acid and has antifungal properties?

    <p>Methylparaben</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which preservative is bacteriostatic in injection, eye drops, and ointment, and is stable at a pH around 5?

    <p>Chlorobutanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which preservative is present in volatile oils, resins like Peru balsm, and is used in ointments & lotions as an antiseptic?

    <p>Benzyl alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antiseptic is a water soluble non-polar preservative and is used in combination with propyl paraben as a preservative?

    <p>Methyl paraben</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antiseptic is used to preserve acid liquid preparations and is also an effective antifungal preservative?

    <p>Sodium benzoate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antiseptic is a 2,4-hexadienoic acid and is water immiscible, effective as an antifungal preservative?

    <p>Sorbic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is a charge transfer complex of iodine with nonionic surfactant polymer polyvinyl-pyrrolidone (PVP)?

    <p>Povidone Iodine (Betadine, PVP-iodine)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is a broad spectrum antibacterial biguanide but not effective against acid-fast bacteria, spores or virus?

    <p>Chlorhexidine gluconate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is a cationic surfactant, exerting bactericidal action and effective against fungi and protozoa?

    <p>Benzalkonium chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is a thiomerosal, a non-staining and nonirritant topical bacteriostatic agent?

    <p>Thiomerosal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is a water soluble non-polar preservative, often used in combination with propyl paraben?

    <p>Methylparaben</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is a bacteriostatic agent used in injection, eye drops, and ointments, and is reasonably stable at pH around 5?

    <p>Chlorobutanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is a preservative in cosmetics and confectionary items, and is present in orange oil and rose oil?

    <p>Phenylethyl alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is an antifungal preservative used in lotions, ointments, and mouthwashes, and is water soluble?

    <p>Benzoic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is a water immiscible, effective antifungal preservative used in elixirs, syrups, lotions, and ointments?

    <p>Sorbic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is a derivative of p-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Parabens) and has antifungal properties?

    <p>Methylparaben</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who introduced the antiseptic principles for use in surgery and post-traumatic injury in 1867?

    <p>Joseph Lister</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist worked on antibacterial dyes and antiparasitic organic arsenicals as 'magic bullets' for treating infections?

    <p>Paul Ehrlich</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prime concern in the healthcare system regarding infections?

    <p>Prevention and treatment of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are germicides?

    <p>Anti-infective agents that are used locally to kill pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to the modern antimicrobial chemotherapy?

    <p>Selective toxicity of chemicals to kill one type of organism while not harming another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the ideal properties of antiseptic and disinfectant?

    <p>Classification of antiseptic and disinfectants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern in public health care regarding infections?

    <p>Most of the infections are communicable and therefore prophylaxis is also given emphasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are infections caused by?

    <p>Parasitic organisms like virus, bacteria, fungus, ameba, worms etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Joseph Lister use for antiseptic principles in surgery and post-traumatic injury?

    <p>Phenol/carbolic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Paul Ehrlich work on for treating infections?

    <p>Antibacterial dyes and antiparasitic organic arsenicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of microorganisms do antiseptics target?

    <p>Non-pathogenic microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of disinfectants?

    <p>Destroy pathogenic microorganisms on inanimate objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What inorganic substances are commonly used as antiseptics and disinfectants?

    <p>Halogens and metallic salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do alcohols like ethyl and isopropyl alcohol act on microorganisms?

    <p>By denaturing important proteins and carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What renders denatured alcohol unfit for use in intoxicating beverages?

    <p>Addition of methanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is ethylene oxide primarily used in medical settings?

    <p>To sterilize temperature-sensitive medical equipment and drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of formaldehyde solution and glutaraldehyde?

    <p>To disinfect and sterilize equipment and instruments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the phenol coefficient measure in disinfectants?

    <p>Germicidal activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substances have various antiseptic and antibacterial properties?

    <p>Phenol derivatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what products can hexachlorophene, a soluble antiseptic, be used?

    <p>In soaps, creams, lotions, and shampoos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of substance is used as antiseptics and disinfectants?

    <p>Inorganic substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific mechanism of action of aldehydes such as formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde?

    <p>Protein denaturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is used to sterilize temperature-sensitive medical equipment and drugs, but is extremely toxic and carcinogenic?

    <p>Ethylene oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific property of phenols and their derivatives that contributes to their germicidal activity?

    <p>Protein denaturation at low concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria are oxidizing agents like hydrogen peroxide and metal peroxides effective against?

    <p>Anaerobic bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are carbamide peroxide and benzoyl peroxide used for?

    <p>Topical treatment of mouth ulcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is crucial for effective and safe use of antiseptics and disinfectants in medical and hygiene practices?

    <p>Understanding their properties and applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance denatures important proteins and carbohydrates in microorganisms and is used as an antiseptic and disinfectant?

    <p>Alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between antiseptics and disinfectants?

    <p>Antiseptics act on living tissue, while disinfectants act on inanimate objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific use of ethylene oxide?

    <p>Sterilization of temperature-sensitive medical equipment and drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are hemorrhoids?

    <p>Swollen or dilated veins of the rectum or anus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of hemorrhoids?

    <p>External hemorrhoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible cause of hemorrhoids?

    <p>Straining during a bowel movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age are hemorrhoids rare?

    <p>Less than 20 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are internal hemorrhoids located?

    <p>Above the dentate line (in the rectum)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk factor for developing hemorrhoids?

    <p>Sitting for a long period of time, especially on the toilet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of non-pharmacologic therapy for treating hemorrhoids?

    <p>Sitz baths and cold compresses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may go undetected until bleeding occurs?

    <p>Hemorrhoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a manifestation of hemorrhoids?

    <p>Bleeding during bowel movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group is most common for developing hemorrhoids?

    <p>45-65 years old.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of activities may contribute to developing hemorrhoids?

    <p>Consistent heavy lifting or other activities that strain the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common manifestation of internal hemorrhoids?

    <p>Asymptomatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which non-pharmacological therapy is recommended for minimizing pain in hemorrhoids?

    <p>Sitz Baths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for a patient complaining of pain, bleeding, and perianal itching?

    <p>Combination anesthetic/analgesic or hydrocortisone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is crucial for the prevention of hemorrhoids?

    <p>Add plenty of fiber to diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic examination may a doctor perform to confirm the diagnosis of hemorrhoids?

    <p>Colonoscopy (examines the entire colon)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication of hemorrhoids due to significant blood loss?

    <p>Iron-deficiency anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What non-surgical treatment involves injecting phenol in almond oil?

    <p>Sclerotherapy Inj.Phenol in almond oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of medication is recommended for female patients who are pregnant and experiencing hemorrhoids?

    <p>Only protectants can be given</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is recommended for managing symptoms of less than 3 weeks duration?

    <p>Symptomatic for long period until prolapsed strangulation occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication should be given if the patient has high BP, heart disease, thyroid issues, or difficulty in urination?

    <p>Not Give vasoconstriction anti-hemorrhoid medicines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Overview of Antiseptics and Disinfectants

    • Antiseptics are agents that kill or prevent the growth of microorganisms on living tissue, with either a cidal or static effect.
    • Disinfectants prevent transmission or infection by destroying pathogenic microorganisms on inanimate objects.
    • Inorganic substances like halogens, oxidizing agents, acids and alkalis, metallic salts, and cationic surfactants are used as antiseptics and disinfectants.
    • Alcohol denatures important proteins and carbohydrates in microorganisms and is used as an antiseptic and disinfectant.
    • Ethylene oxide is used to sterilize temperature-sensitive medical equipment and drugs, but is extremely toxic and carcinogenic.
    • Aldehydes such as formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde are used for disinfection and sterilization, with specific mechanisms of action.
    • Phenols and their derivatives have germicidal activity, expressed in the phenol coefficient, and denature bacterial proteins at low concentrations.
    • Specific phenol derivatives like p-chlorophenol, p-chloro-m-xylenol, thymol, eugenol, and hexylresorcinol have various antiseptic and antibacterial properties.
    • Oxidizing agents like hydrogen peroxide and metal peroxides are effective against anaerobic bacteria but have poor penetrability into infected tissues and organic matter.
    • Carbamide peroxide and benzoyl peroxide are stable complexes used for topical treatment of mouth ulcers, dental care, and acne.
    • Each type of antiseptic and disinfectant has specific uses, mechanisms of action, and potential side effects.
    • Understanding the properties and applications of different antiseptics and disinfectants is crucial for effective and safe use in medical and hygiene practices.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of the pharmacology of neurodegenerative diseases with this quiz. Learn about the classification, mechanism of action, uses, adverse effects, drug interactions, and precautions of antiparkinsonian drugs, including dopaminergic agonists, dopamine precursors, and peripheral decarboxylase inhibitors.

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