91 Questions
Which drug is a dopamine precursor?
Levodopa
Which drug is a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor?
Carbidopa
Which drug is an MAO-B inhibitor?
Rasagiline
Which drug is a COMT inhibitor?
Entacapone
Which drug is used to minimize resting tremor and drooling but is not as effective for rigidity and bradykinesia?
Procyclidine
Which drug is a dopamine facilitator?
Amantadine
Which drug is a central anticholinergic?
Procyclidine
Which drug is a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor?
Carbidopa
Which drug is a dopamine precursor?
Levodopa
Which drug is an MAO-B inhibitor?
Selegiline
What did Joseph Lister introduce as antiseptic principles?
Phenol/carbolic acid
What is the main focus of health care concerning infections?
Prevention and treatment of infection
What is the goal of modern antimicrobial chemotherapy?
Selective toxicity to kill one type of organism while not harming another
What are germicides?
Anti-infective agents used locally to kill pathogens
Who worked on antibacterial dyes and antiparasitic organic arsenicals as 'magic bullets' for treating infections?
Paul Ehrlich
What did Joseph Lister use for antiseptic principles in surgery and post-traumatic injury?
Phenol/carbolic acid
What is the prime concern in the health care system concerning infections?
Prevention and treatment of infection
What is the focus of modern antimicrobial chemotherapy?
Selective toxicity to kill one type of organism while not harming another
What are germicides?
Anti-infective agents used locally to kill pathogens
Who worked on antibacterial dyes and antiparasitic organic arsenicals as 'magic bullets' for treating infections?
Paul Ehrlich
Which antiseptic is a charge transfer complex of iodine with nonionic surfactant polymer polyvinyl-pyrrolidone (PVP)?
Povidone iodine (Betadine, PVP-iodine)
Which antiseptic is a broad spectrum antibacterial biguanide, but not effective against acid-fast bacteria, spores, or virus?
Chlorhexidine gluconate
Which antiseptic is a dark green crystal and is used for the treatment of cystitis and urethritis?
Methylene Blue
Which antiseptic is incorporated into ointment bases for the treatment of localized infections and syphilis?
Thiomerosal
Which preservative is a derivative of p-Hydroxybenzoic acid and has antifungal properties?
Methylparaben
Which preservative is bacteriostatic in injection, eye drops, and ointment, and is stable at a pH around 5?
Chlorobutanol
Which preservative is present in volatile oils, resins like Peru balsm, and is used in ointments & lotions as an antiseptic?
Benzyl alcohol
Which antiseptic is a water soluble non-polar preservative and is used in combination with propyl paraben as a preservative?
Methyl paraben
Which antiseptic is used to preserve acid liquid preparations and is also an effective antifungal preservative?
Sodium benzoate
Which antiseptic is a 2,4-hexadienoic acid and is water immiscible, effective as an antifungal preservative?
Sorbic acid
Which compound is a charge transfer complex of iodine with nonionic surfactant polymer polyvinyl-pyrrolidone (PVP)?
Povidone Iodine (Betadine, PVP-iodine)
Which compound is a broad spectrum antibacterial biguanide but not effective against acid-fast bacteria, spores or virus?
Chlorhexidine gluconate
Which compound is a cationic surfactant, exerting bactericidal action and effective against fungi and protozoa?
Benzalkonium chloride
Which compound is a thiomerosal, a non-staining and nonirritant topical bacteriostatic agent?
Thiomerosal
Which compound is a water soluble non-polar preservative, often used in combination with propyl paraben?
Methylparaben
Which compound is a bacteriostatic agent used in injection, eye drops, and ointments, and is reasonably stable at pH around 5?
Chlorobutanol
Which compound is a preservative in cosmetics and confectionary items, and is present in orange oil and rose oil?
Phenylethyl alcohol
Which compound is an antifungal preservative used in lotions, ointments, and mouthwashes, and is water soluble?
Benzoic acid
Which compound is a water immiscible, effective antifungal preservative used in elixirs, syrups, lotions, and ointments?
Sorbic acid
Which compound is a derivative of p-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Parabens) and has antifungal properties?
Methylparaben
Who introduced the antiseptic principles for use in surgery and post-traumatic injury in 1867?
Joseph Lister
Which scientist worked on antibacterial dyes and antiparasitic organic arsenicals as 'magic bullets' for treating infections?
Paul Ehrlich
What is the prime concern in the healthcare system regarding infections?
Prevention and treatment of infection
What are germicides?
Anti-infective agents that are used locally to kill pathogens
What led to the modern antimicrobial chemotherapy?
Selective toxicity of chemicals to kill one type of organism while not harming another
What are the ideal properties of antiseptic and disinfectant?
Classification of antiseptic and disinfectants
What is the main concern in public health care regarding infections?
Most of the infections are communicable and therefore prophylaxis is also given emphasis
What are infections caused by?
Parasitic organisms like virus, bacteria, fungus, ameba, worms etc.
What did Joseph Lister use for antiseptic principles in surgery and post-traumatic injury?
Phenol/carbolic acid
What did Paul Ehrlich work on for treating infections?
Antibacterial dyes and antiparasitic organic arsenicals
Which type of microorganisms do antiseptics target?
Non-pathogenic microorganisms
What is the primary function of disinfectants?
Destroy pathogenic microorganisms on inanimate objects
What inorganic substances are commonly used as antiseptics and disinfectants?
Halogens and metallic salts
How do alcohols like ethyl and isopropyl alcohol act on microorganisms?
By denaturing important proteins and carbohydrates
What renders denatured alcohol unfit for use in intoxicating beverages?
Addition of methanol
How is ethylene oxide primarily used in medical settings?
To sterilize temperature-sensitive medical equipment and drugs
What is the primary function of formaldehyde solution and glutaraldehyde?
To disinfect and sterilize equipment and instruments
What does the phenol coefficient measure in disinfectants?
Germicidal activity
Which substances have various antiseptic and antibacterial properties?
Phenol derivatives
In what products can hexachlorophene, a soluble antiseptic, be used?
In soaps, creams, lotions, and shampoos
Which type of substance is used as antiseptics and disinfectants?
Inorganic substances
What is the specific mechanism of action of aldehydes such as formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde?
Protein denaturation
Which substance is used to sterilize temperature-sensitive medical equipment and drugs, but is extremely toxic and carcinogenic?
Ethylene oxide
What is the specific property of phenols and their derivatives that contributes to their germicidal activity?
Protein denaturation at low concentrations
Which type of bacteria are oxidizing agents like hydrogen peroxide and metal peroxides effective against?
Anaerobic bacteria
What are carbamide peroxide and benzoyl peroxide used for?
Topical treatment of mouth ulcers
What is crucial for effective and safe use of antiseptics and disinfectants in medical and hygiene practices?
Understanding their properties and applications
Which substance denatures important proteins and carbohydrates in microorganisms and is used as an antiseptic and disinfectant?
Alcohol
What is the main difference between antiseptics and disinfectants?
Antiseptics act on living tissue, while disinfectants act on inanimate objects
What is the specific use of ethylene oxide?
Sterilization of temperature-sensitive medical equipment and drugs
What are hemorrhoids?
Swollen or dilated veins of the rectum or anus
What is the most common type of hemorrhoids?
External hemorrhoids
What is a possible cause of hemorrhoids?
Straining during a bowel movement
At what age are hemorrhoids rare?
Less than 20 years old
Where are internal hemorrhoids located?
Above the dentate line (in the rectum)
What is a risk factor for developing hemorrhoids?
Sitting for a long period of time, especially on the toilet.
What is an example of non-pharmacologic therapy for treating hemorrhoids?
Sitz baths and cold compresses.
What may go undetected until bleeding occurs?
Hemorrhoids
What is a manifestation of hemorrhoids?
Bleeding during bowel movements.
Which age group is most common for developing hemorrhoids?
45-65 years old.
What type of activities may contribute to developing hemorrhoids?
Consistent heavy lifting or other activities that strain the body.
What is a common manifestation of internal hemorrhoids?
Asymptomatic
Which non-pharmacological therapy is recommended for minimizing pain in hemorrhoids?
Sitz Baths
What is the recommended treatment for a patient complaining of pain, bleeding, and perianal itching?
Combination anesthetic/analgesic or hydrocortisone
What is crucial for the prevention of hemorrhoids?
Add plenty of fiber to diet
What diagnostic examination may a doctor perform to confirm the diagnosis of hemorrhoids?
Colonoscopy (examines the entire colon)
What is a common complication of hemorrhoids due to significant blood loss?
Iron-deficiency anemia
What non-surgical treatment involves injecting phenol in almond oil?
Sclerotherapy Inj.Phenol in almond oil
What type of medication is recommended for female patients who are pregnant and experiencing hemorrhoids?
Only protectants can be given
Which medication is recommended for managing symptoms of less than 3 weeks duration?
Symptomatic for long period until prolapsed strangulation occur.
Which medication should be given if the patient has high BP, heart disease, thyroid issues, or difficulty in urination?
Not Give vasoconstriction anti-hemorrhoid medicines
Study Notes
Overview of Antiseptics and Disinfectants
- Antiseptics are agents that kill or prevent the growth of microorganisms on living tissue, with either a cidal or static effect.
- Disinfectants prevent transmission or infection by destroying pathogenic microorganisms on inanimate objects.
- Inorganic substances like halogens, oxidizing agents, acids and alkalis, metallic salts, and cationic surfactants are used as antiseptics and disinfectants.
- Alcohol denatures important proteins and carbohydrates in microorganisms and is used as an antiseptic and disinfectant.
- Ethylene oxide is used to sterilize temperature-sensitive medical equipment and drugs, but is extremely toxic and carcinogenic.
- Aldehydes such as formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde are used for disinfection and sterilization, with specific mechanisms of action.
- Phenols and their derivatives have germicidal activity, expressed in the phenol coefficient, and denature bacterial proteins at low concentrations.
- Specific phenol derivatives like p-chlorophenol, p-chloro-m-xylenol, thymol, eugenol, and hexylresorcinol have various antiseptic and antibacterial properties.
- Oxidizing agents like hydrogen peroxide and metal peroxides are effective against anaerobic bacteria but have poor penetrability into infected tissues and organic matter.
- Carbamide peroxide and benzoyl peroxide are stable complexes used for topical treatment of mouth ulcers, dental care, and acne.
- Each type of antiseptic and disinfectant has specific uses, mechanisms of action, and potential side effects.
- Understanding the properties and applications of different antiseptics and disinfectants is crucial for effective and safe use in medical and hygiene practices.
Test your knowledge of the pharmacology of neurodegenerative diseases with this quiz. Learn about the classification, mechanism of action, uses, adverse effects, drug interactions, and precautions of antiparkinsonian drugs, including dopaminergic agonists, dopamine precursors, and peripheral decarboxylase inhibitors.
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