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Questions and Answers
What constitutes the majority component of the central nervous system (CNS)?
What constitutes the majority component of the central nervous system (CNS)?
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the brain stem?
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the brain stem?
Which part of the CNS is primarily responsible for coordinating movement and balance?
Which part of the CNS is primarily responsible for coordinating movement and balance?
What are spinal reflexes primarily classified into?
What are spinal reflexes primarily classified into?
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Which of the following best describes the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
Which of the following best describes the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
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What type of neurons enter the spinal cord through the dorsal root?
What type of neurons enter the spinal cord through the dorsal root?
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Where are the cell bodies of the efferent fibers located?
Where are the cell bodies of the efferent fibers located?
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How many pairs of spinal nerves are there in total?
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there in total?
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Which area of the body does the dorsal ramus of a spinal nerve supply?
Which area of the body does the dorsal ramus of a spinal nerve supply?
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What characterizes innate or instinctive behavior?
What characterizes innate or instinctive behavior?
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What type of spinal nerves are classified as cervical nerves?
What type of spinal nerves are classified as cervical nerves?
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What type of response is typically associated with instinctive behavior?
What type of response is typically associated with instinctive behavior?
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Through which root do the efferent fibers exit the spinal cord?
Through which root do the efferent fibers exit the spinal cord?
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What is the characteristic of a monosynaptic reflex arc?
What is the characteristic of a monosynaptic reflex arc?
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Which reflex is an example of a polysynaptic reflex?
Which reflex is an example of a polysynaptic reflex?
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What role do interneurons play in polysynaptic reflexes?
What role do interneurons play in polysynaptic reflexes?
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Which division of the Peripheral Nervous System is responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movements?
Which division of the Peripheral Nervous System is responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movements?
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What is the main function of muscle spindles?
What is the main function of muscle spindles?
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What does the term 'excitation' refer to in synaptic transmission?
What does the term 'excitation' refer to in synaptic transmission?
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Which reflex provides information on the integrity of the spinal reflex pathway?
Which reflex provides information on the integrity of the spinal reflex pathway?
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What is the role of the effector in a reflex arc?
What is the role of the effector in a reflex arc?
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What is the primary function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
What is the primary function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
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Which layer of the meninges is in direct contact with the central nervous system (CNS) tissue?
Which layer of the meninges is in direct contact with the central nervous system (CNS) tissue?
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What type of neurotransmitters do pyramidal cells in the neocortex primarily use?
What type of neurotransmitters do pyramidal cells in the neocortex primarily use?
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Which of the following accurately describes the function of the brain stem?
Which of the following accurately describes the function of the brain stem?
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What role does the cerebellum play in movement control?
What role does the cerebellum play in movement control?
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Which structure in the brain is responsible for connecting the left and right hemispheres?
Which structure in the brain is responsible for connecting the left and right hemispheres?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebellum?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebellum?
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From which part of the brain does afferent input to the (neo)cortex primarily originate?
From which part of the brain does afferent input to the (neo)cortex primarily originate?
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What is included in the three protective layers surrounding the brain?
What is included in the three protective layers surrounding the brain?
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What is the function of commissural fibers in the brain?
What is the function of commissural fibers in the brain?
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Study Notes
Neuroanatomy II - BIOL2051/2052
- Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) are structures of the nervous system
- The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord
- The PNS includes cranial nerves, spinal nerves, peripheral nerves
- The brain is divided into seven main parts: Cerebrum, Diencephalon, midbrain, pons, medulla, cerebellum
- The spinal cord is responsible for a two-way impulse conduction pathway and has 31 pairs of spinal nerves in total: (8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal).
- The spinal nerves have both sensory and motor neurons: Sensory neurons carry impulses from the sensory receptors, while motor neurons carry impulses to effectors (muscles or glands).
Neuroanatomical Terminology
- Coronal: A plane that divides the body into front and back halves.
- Sagittal: A plane that divides the body into left and right halves.
- Horizontal/Axial: A plane that divides the body into top and bottom halves.
- Superior: Above; top of the structure.
- Inferior: Below; bottom of the structure.
- Anterior: Front, towards the front of the body.
- Posterior: Back, towards the back of the body.
- Rostral: Towards the nose or forward. Position of a structure in relation to the head.
- Caudal: Towards the tail or backward. Position of a structure in relation to the head.
- Ventral: Front/belly side.
- Dorsal: Back/spinal.
- Gray matter: Cell bodies of neurons, pinkish/gray in color in the brain. A major component of the CNS.
- White Matter: Myelinated axons reside in white matter. These axons.
CNS Protection
- Bone: Skull and vertebral column.
-
Meninges: Three protective tissue layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord
- Dura mater: Superficial, most and strongest.
- Arachnoid mater: Inner layer of tissue with the arachnoid granulations
- Pia mater: Innermost layer of tissue.
- Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): Clear, cell-free fluid produced by the choroid plexus that circulates in the subarachnoid space.
Cerebral Hemispheres
- Afferent Input: Ascending information from the thalamus, brainstem, and other parts of the forebrain, and hypothalamus. Axons traveling between hemispheres (commissural fibers), and information from the entire body (not just the limbs).
- Output: Excitatory from pyramidal cells, using neurotransmitters like Glutamate. All parts of the cortex project to thalamus, axons from motor and sensory cortices project to basal ganglia. Axons project to the brainstem, spinal cord, contralateral hemisphere, or ipsilateral hemisphere.
- Corpus Callosum: Largest bundle of white matter, connects the two hemispheres through fibers.
Brain Stem
- Location: Connects spinal cord to higher centers (cerebrum and cerebellum).
- Functions: Conduit for ascending and descending tracts, contains reflex centers for control of breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, and consciousness.
Cerebellum
- Functions: Integrates ascending proprioceptive info, feeds back to cerebral cortex to refine movement, modifies movement by comparing sensory information with pre-motor information. Maintains upright posture, balance, aids the cerebral cortex in planning movement sequences, and maintains muscle synergy.
Spinal Cord and spinal nerves
- Reflex Arc (monosynaptic and polysynthetic): A pathway that includes a receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, and effector to provide a rapid reaction to stimuli..
- Spinal Reflexes: somatic spinal reflexes provides information on integrity of reflex pathway. These are polysynaptic (involving multiple neurons).
Peripheral Nervous System
- Sensory (Afferent): Carries information from sensory receptors to the CNS.
- Motor (Efferent): Carries information from the CNS to effectors (muscles or glands).
- Somatic Motor Division: Controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.
- Autonomic Nervous System: Controls involuntary functions (heart rate, digestion, etc.). It is further subdivided into Sympathetic and Parasympathetic divisions.
- Visceral Motor Division: Controls involuntary actions of internal organs and glands.
Autonomic Nervous System
- Sympathetic division: "fight or flight" response.
- Parasympathetic division: "rest and digest" response.
- These two divisions work in tandem to maintain homeostasis.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the central and peripheral nervous systems with this quiz. Explore the structures, functions, and anatomical terminology related to the nervous system, from cranial nerves to the brain's major parts. Perfect for students in the Neuroanatomy II course.
