Neuroanatomy Course Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which two components make up the autonomic nervous system?

  • Sensory and Motor
  • Central and Peripheral
  • Sympathetic and Parasympathetic (correct)
  • Voluntary and Involuntary

    • Which layer is immediately above the arachnoid layer in the central nervous system?

  • Pia mater
  • Ependymal layer
  • Subarachnoid space
  • Dura mater (correct)

    • What is the main characteristic of tetraplegia?

  • Injury limited to the sacral region
  • Injury to the lumbar region
  • Only loss of function in the lower extremities
  • Loss of motor and/or sensory function in the upper and lower extremities (correct)

    • Which condition is NOT a cause of vertebral end plate fracture?

    <p>Tendinitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during spinal cord injury (SCI) leading to paraplegia?

    <p>Injury to the thoracic spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the nucleus pulposus in cases of spinal cord injury?

    <p>It can migrate into the vertebral body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term accurately describes loss of motor and sensory function below the level of the injury?

    <p>Paraplegia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily located in the subarachnoid space?

    <p>Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the spinal cord is responsible for transmitting sensory information?

    <p>Dorsal/Posterior Horn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From where does the spinal cord extend downward into the body?

    <p>Conus medullaris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of matter contains the ascending and descending tracts in the spinal cord?

    <p>White matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is considered part of the peripheral nervous system during spinal cord assessments?

    <p>Cauda equina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the spinal cord communicate sensory and motor information?

    <p>Through ascendant and descendant nerve tracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'afferent tracts' refer to in the context of the spinal cord?

    <p>Tracts carrying information from the body to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fills the subdural space?

    <p>Blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of motor paralysis might result if the spinal cord is intact below a myelomeningocele?

    <p>Spastic motor paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What deformity is commonly associated with a midlumbar (L3) lesion in myelomeningocele?

    <p>Genu recurvatum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which weakness is expected in a low lumbar (L5) lesion?

    <p>Weak hip extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the muscle functions for a thoracic-level lesion?

    <p>Poor trunk stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A child with a thoracic myelomeningocele is likely to experience a deformity of:

    <p>Frog-leg posture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is typically associated with acquired scoliosis?

    <p>Muscle imbalance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In myelomeningocele, if nerve roots are damaged, what type of paralysis may be observed?

    <p>Flaccid motor paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What notable deformity may result from an L1-L2 lesion?

    <p>Hip dislocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strength is expected at the sacral (S2-S3) level of myelomeningocele?

    <p>Good hip abductor strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical clinical feature of myelomeningocele?

    <p>Partial formation of the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of afferent tracts?

    <p>Carry sensory information to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of information does the anterior/lateral spinothalamic tract transmit?

    <p>Pain and temperature sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do efferent tracts primarily transmit information?

    <p>From the brain to the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tract is known as the primary motor pathway for controlling skilled movements?

    <p>Corticospinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neuron is found in the anterior horn of the spinal cord?

    <p>Motor neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the dorsal columns?

    <p>Transmit information about proprioception and vibration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the corticospinal tract?

    <p>Facilitate skilled voluntary movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do efferent tracts differ from afferent tracts?

    <p>Efferent tracts carry motor commands, while afferent tracts carry sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sensations are included in the proprioception information transmitted by afferent tracts?

    <p>Position sense and vibration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the corticospinal tract synapse?

    <p>On the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the lateral spinothalamic tract?

    <p>Transmission of pain and temperature information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain does the corticospinal tract originate from?

    <p>Frontal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tract would be responsible for transmitting sensations of light touch?

    <p>Dorsal column tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of activating an anterior horn cell?

    <p>Muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining characteristic of ASIA B classification in spinal cord injury?

    <p>Sensory function preserved with no motor function below neurologic level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which syndrome is proprioception and vibration intact, while motor and pain sensations are lost?

    <p>Brown-Sequard Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true regarding the prognosis of Anterior Cord Syndrome?

    <p>Poor prognosis due to loss of voluntary motor function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates a lesion as incomplete per the spinal cord injury classification?

    <p>Presence of perianal sensation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Central Cord Syndrome, which part of the body is more affected?

    <p>Upper extremities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic symptom of Cauda Equina injury?

    <p>Flaccidity and areflexia in lower limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which spinal cord injury condition preserves bowel, bladder, and sexual function if sacral portions are spared?

    <p>Central Cord Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the pattern of sensory loss in Brown-Sequard Syndrome?

    <p>Contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining feature of ASIA D classification?

    <p>At least half of key muscle functions have a grade of 3/5 or more.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which syndrome would involve a flexion injury leading to bilateral loss of motor, pain, and temperature sensations?

    <p>Anterior Cord Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of damage to the posterior spinal artery in Posterior Cord Syndrome?

    <p>Loss of ability to perceive proprioception and vibration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of all types of incomplete spinal cord injuries?

    <p>Some motor and sensory functions are preserved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of injury is a lower motor neuron injury leading to flaccidity?

    <p>Cauda Equina Injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Шыырқала енауқасмыргила ицәакуад?

    <p>Аферент тректер</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Кимшәык рнаскьырго, уажәраан ртрубжьы иаурхәыр?

    <p>Тепенинг сырхьузы</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Церебеллум ибасылбашьчы ианала hilaha, ятлыиданиуам?

    <p>Моторас</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Шьыба еҩыжәныз рымжыр гогу, жәы زи шлакәи, ҳасуалу?

    <p>Емдри</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Очв иаҳзаит, изла соседни?

    <p>Атылыш</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Агыз припомина, ҳашарадым шьысылбашьчы, рла?

    <p>Анапар</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Шенгагуршьу, ии исыз шала?

    <p>Рматор</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Инау мылшыс, жра ма?

    <p>Анемем</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Neurologic Interventions II (PTA 1015) - Neuroanatomy PPT 1

    • This presentation covers spinal cord injury and myelomeningocele.
    • The lecture objectives include identifying significant structures and functions within the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system.

    Neuroanatomy Lecture Objectives

    • Students will be able to identify spinal cord structures and functions within the central nervous system.
    • Students will be able to identify peripheral nervous system structures and functions.

    Nervous System Components

    • Nervous system is divided into central and peripheral nervous systems.
    • Peripheral nervous system is further divided into autonomic and somatic systems.
    • Somatic system is further divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

    Quiz #1

    • The arachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

    Spinal Cord Meninges

    • The spinal cord is surrounded by three meninges: dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
    • The subarachnoid space is located between the arachnoid and pia mater, and contains CSF.

    Spinal Cord Cross Section

    • The spinal cord is made up of white and gray matter.
    • The dorsal horn transmits sensory information.
    • The ventral horn transmits motor information.

    Spinal Cord

    • The spinal cord connects the brain to the peripheral nerves.
    • It is continuous with the brainstem and located in the vertebral column.
    • Below the conus medullaris is the cauda equina.

    Nerve Tracts

    • Afferent tracts carry sensory information from the body to the brain (e.g., lateral spinothalamic tract).
    • Efferent tracts carry motor information from the brain to the body (e.g., corticospinal tract).
    • Information travels in fiber tracts via the nerves.

    Tracts

    • Groups of nerve fibers are similar in origin, destination, and function.
    • Tracts primarily travel within the white matter of the spinal cord.
    • Afferent tracts are sensory, and efferent tracts are motor.

    Tracts - Afferent/Sensory

    • Dorsal columns carry information about proprioception, vibration, two-point discrimination, and deep touch.
    • Anterior/Lateral spinothalamic tract carries information about pain and temperature.

    Primary Motor Pathway - Corticospinal Tract

    • Originates in the frontal lobe, controlling skilled movements of the extremities.
    • Synapses on anterior horn cells of the spinal cord.
    • Crosses to the opposite side in the brainstem.

    Anterior Horn Cell

    • Large neuron in the spinal cord gray matter activating muscle contraction.
    • Two types:
      • Alpha motor neurons innervate skeletal muscles.
      • Gamma motor neurons innervate muscle spindles.

    Muscle Spindle

    • Sensory organ in skeletal muscles that responds to stretch, providing feedback regarding muscle length to the CNS.
    • The stretch reflex mechanism involves information transmission via the dorsal root, synapsing with an anterior horn cell to contract the muscle.

    Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)

    • SCI results from traumatic injury, such as motor vehicle accidents, sports injuries, and gunshot wounds.
    • Common levels of spinal cord injury involve C1-C2, C5-C7, and T12-L2.
    • Injury (rotation) at these levels leads to instability.

    Mechanism of Injury

    • SCI is most often a result of direct or indirect high-velocity impact forces.
    • The most common types of injuries include cervical flexion/rotation, cervical hyperflexion, cervical hyperextension, and compression.

    Types of Injury (Cervical Flexion/Rotation)

    • Posterior spinal ligaments rupture.
    • Upper vertebrae displaced over lower vertebrae.
    • Spinal cord transect.
    • Rupture of the intervertebral disc and anterior longitudinal ligament.

    Types of Injury (Cervical Hyperextension)

    • Anterior compression fracture
    • Stretching of posterior longitudinal ligament, but not rupture
    • Wedge fracture severs the anterior spinal cord artery
    • Causes incomplete anterior cord syndrome.

    Types of Injury (Cervical Hyperextension)

    • Central cord type injury
    • Compression of spinal cord between ligamentum flavum and vertebral body

    Types of Injury (Compression)

    • Fracture of vertebral end plates.
    • Movement of nucleus pulposus into the vertebral body.
    • Can result from osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, or rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

    Classification of SCI

    • Tetraplegia (quadriplegia): Injury to the cervical region, resulting in loss of motor and/or sensory function in the upper extremities (UEs), lower extremities (LEs), trunk, and pelvis.
    • Paraplegia: Injury to the thoracic spine, leading to loss of motor and/or sensory function below the injury level in UEs, LEs, trunk, and pelvis. (UE function is normal).
    • Cauda Equina injuries(LEs): Injury to L1 vertebrae or below, leading to potential perianal sensation and voluntary rectal control

    Neurological Level

    • Definition: The lowest segment of the spinal cord with normal sensory and anti-gravity motor function on both sides.
    • Normal muscle function is defined by the lowest key muscle group with a grade of fair (3) as long as muscles above it are a 4-5.

    Medical Management

    • Medication for Orthostatic hypotension (vasopressors, mineralocorticoids), nerve pain (NSAIDs, acetaminophen, gabapentin, and analgesics).

    • Anticoagulants

    • Side Effects

    • Potential for bleeding resulting in various side effects.

    Medical Interventions

    • Stabilization of the spine is crucial for preventing further spinal cord damage.
    • Stabilization methods include surgery, external fixation devices, cervical collars, and rigid body jackets.

    After Stabilization

    • Surgery might be needed to restore body structure, decompress, stabilize, and minimize deformities, which can enable earlier mobilization.
    • Spinal fusion typically takes 6–8 weeks.

    Myelomeningocele

    • A complex congenital anomaly affecting the nervous system.
    • Failure of the caudal end of the neural tube to close by the 28th day of gestation.
    • Posterior vertebral arches fail to close.
    • Leading to a variety of possible deformities

    Types of Spinal Defects

    • Spina bifida occulta: Bifid spine in isolation without spinal cord or meninge involvement.
    • Spina bifida cystica: Visible cyst protruding from the bony defect.
    • Spinal bifida aperta: Cyst protrudes from the bony defect but covered with skin.

    Neural Tube Defects (Meningocele, Myelomeningocele, Anencephaly, Encephalocele)

    • Meningocele: A cyst-like protrusion filled with cerebrospinal fluid, covered by meninges.
    • Myelomeningocele: A cyst containing the spinal cord along with meninges.
    • Anencephaly: Failure of the brain to develop past the brain stem.
    • Encephalocele: Brain tissue protrudes from the skull.

    Myelomeningocele (MMC) Incidence and Correlations

    • Incidence of 3.4 per 10,000 live births in the United States.
    • Increased risk of recurrence in siblings born with myelomeningocele.
    • Associated correlations include genetic predisposition, exposure to alcohol, seizure disorders, acne medications, obesity, and lack of folic acid.

    Myelomeningocele Diagnosis

    • Prenatal diagnosis can be determined by testing alpha-fetoprotein levels.
    • Fetal surgery to correct open neural tube defects is now performed in specialized centers from 24-30 weeks gestation.

    Neurologic Defects and Impairment

    • Motor and sensory deficits
    • Spinal cord malformation.

    Musculoskeletal Impairments

    • Muscle paralysis resulting in loss of voluntary movement.
    • Deformities like hip dislocations, subluxations, genu varus/valgus, clubfoot, and flatfoot.

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    Related Documents

    W1 PPT- Neuro2 - Neuroanatomy, SCI, & Myelomeningocele PDF
    W2 PPT - Neuro2 - Neuroanatomy, Spinal Cord Injury & Myelomeningocele Impairments & Treatment PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the key elements of a Neuroanatomy course. This quiz covers topics such as the nervous system's divisions, autonomic components, spinal cord injuries, and associated conditions. Challenge yourself to understand the intricacies of neural damage and recovery.

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