Neural Regulation of Blood Pressure and Flow

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What is the primary function of the cardioinhibitory centers in the cardiovascular center?

To increase heart rate and stroke volume

To control vessel tone

To regulate blood pressure

To decrease heart rate and stroke volume (correct)

Where are the aortic sinuses located?

In the base of the external carotid arteries

In the walls of the descending aorta

In the walls of the ascending aorta just superior to the aortic valve (correct)

In the walls of the venae cavae

What do baroreceptors respond to?

Changes in blood concentrations of oxygen

Changes in blood pressure

Changes in heart rate

The degree of stretch caused by the presence of blood (correct)

What is the primary neurotransmitter released by sympathetic neurons in the cardiovascular center?

Norepinephrine Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the vasomotor centers in the cardiovascular center?

To control vessel tone or contraction of the smooth muscle in the tunica media Signup and view all the answers

Where are the low-pressure baroreceptors located?

In the walls of the venae cavae and right atrium Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cardiovascular centers in the medulla oblongata?

To regulate blood pressure and flow Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the parasympathetic stimulation that slows cardiac function?

Vagus nerve Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the atrial receptors in the cardiovascular system?

To regulate cardiac output and maintain homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

When blood pressure increases, what happens to the baroreceptors?

They fire at a higher rate Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on cardiac output?

It decreases cardiac output Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of renin in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism?

To convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I Signup and view all the answers

What happens to cardiac output when blood pressure drops too low?

It increases to compensate for the low blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the smooth muscle in blood vessels when blood flow is low?

It relaxes, allowing the vessel to dilate Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the local mechanisms in autoregulation of blood flow?

To adjust blood flow to each region of tissue according to its needs Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism?

To produce renin in response to decreased blood flow Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of osmosis in maintaining homeostasis?

Maintaining water balance Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of opening a precapillary sphincter?

Allowing blood to flow into the capillary Signup and view all the answers

What type of solution has a higher solute concentration outside the cell?

Hypertonic solution Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on peripheral vessels?

It causes vasoconstriction Signup and view all the answers

What is the stimulus for the release of NO, a powerful vasodilator?

The conditions listed, such as decreased oxygen concentrations, increased carbon dioxide concentrations, and others Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation do freshwater animals exhibit to conserve solutes?

Reduced water uptake Signup and view all the answers

What is the myogenic response a reaction to?

The stretching of the smooth muscle in the walls of arterioles Signup and view all the answers

What is the net result of the combined actions of parasympathetic stimulation of the heart and peripheral vessels?

Decreased blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a cell when it is placed in a hypertonic solution?

It shrinks and undergoes crenation Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the myogenic response?

To stabilize blood flow in the capillary network Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of osmoregulation?

Maintaining homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

What would be the result of excessive perfusion of an organ?

Damage to the organ's smaller and more fragile vessels Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of too low perfusion of an organ?

Hypoxia Signup and view all the answers

What type of environment do desert and marine animals face?

Desiccating and hypertonic Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane?

Osmosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of endothelial cells in chemical signals involved in autoregulation?

They release NO, a powerful vasodilator Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the glomerulus in the nephron?

Filtration of blood to form a filtrate Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the filtrate is reabsorbed into the bloodstream in the proximal convoluted tubule?

65% Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the descending limb of the Loop of Henle?

Reabsorption of water Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the filtration process in the glomerulus?

Filtrate resembles blood plasma but lacks large proteins and blood cells Signup and view all the answers