Neural Control of Breathing
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What is the primary function of the pneumotaxic center?

  • Regulates the rhythm and depth of breathing in response to temperature changes
  • Controls the rate and depth of breathing based on blood oxygen levels
  • Inhibits the inspiratory neurons, resulting in shorter inspiration and faster breathing (correct)
  • Stimulates the diaphragm to contract and expand the lungs

    • If the pneumotaxic center is damaged, what happens to the breathing pattern?

  • Breathing ceases completely
  • Breathing becomes shallower and more rapid
  • Breathing becomes irregular and unpredictable
  • Breathing becomes deeper and slower (correct)

    • What role do the pulmonary stretch receptors play in regulating respiration?

  • They monitor the pH of the blood and adjust breathing to maintain acid-base balance
  • They detect the presence of irritants in the airways, triggering a cough reflex
  • They signal the respiratory center to inhibit inspiration when the lungs are overstretched (correct)
  • They sense the amount of oxygen in the blood and adjust breathing accordingly

    • Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences the function of the respiratory center?

    <p>The presence of hormones in the blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the limbic system influence respiration?

    <p>It modifies breathing patterns in response to emotions and pain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of stimulating the lung irritant receptors?

    <p>Constriction of the bronchi to prevent further irritant entry (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of stimulating the J receptors in the lungs?

    <p>Increased respiratory rate to compensate for lung damage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of voluntary control of respiration?

    <p>Holding your breath (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reflex is aimed at getting rid of irritants in the nasal cavity?

    <p>Sneezing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the glossopharyngeal nerve in relation to respiration?

    <p>Triggers swallowing reflex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to respiratory movements when arterial blood pressure (ABP) increases?

    <p>Decrease in breathing rate and depth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the response when stretch receptors in the right atrium are stimulated?

    <p>Increased ventilation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During exercise, which receptors stimulate the respiratory center?

    <p>Proprioceptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during swallowing to prevent aspiration?

    <p>Inhibition of respiration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can occur as a result of a large dose of adrenaline injection?

    <p>Stoppage of respiration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure acts to inhibit inspiration to regulate respiratory volume and rate?

    <p>Pneumotaxic center (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)?

    <p>Generation of basic rhythm of respiration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the Apneustic Center located?

    <p>In the lower part of the pons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG) is stimulated?

    <p>It triggers forced expiration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Hering-Breuer reflex primarily function?

    <p>Preventing over-inflation of the lungs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the medulla play in the control of respiration?

    <p>It generates spontaneous respiration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of inhibiting the Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)?

    <p>Relaxation of respiratory muscles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of neurons is responsible for the contraction of diaphragm and external intercostal muscles during inspiration?

    <p>Dorsal respiratory group (DRG) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily regulates the rhythmic discharges needed for spontaneous respiration?

    <p>Nerve impulses from the brain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Neural control of breathing

    The system by which the brain regulates respiratory muscle activity for breathing.

    Rhythmic discharge

    The periodic firing of motor neurons that control respiratory muscles.

    Medullary centers

    Centers in the medulla oblongata that control basic breathing rhythms.

    Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

    Inspiratory center located in the dorsal medulla, responsible for initiating breathing.

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    Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

    Expiratory center in the ventral medulla, active during deep expiration.

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    Pontine centers

    Respiratory centers in the pons that modulate breathing rhythm and depth.

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    Apneustic center

    Part of the pons that stimulates DRG to prolong the duration of inspiration.

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    Hering-Breuer reflex

    A reflex that helps control respiration, preventing over-inflation of lungs.

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    Reflexes of respiration

    Automatic responses to respiratory irritants to protect alveoli.

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    Sneezing reflex

    Deep inspiration followed by forced expiration to expel nasal irritants.

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    Coughing reflex

    Deep inspiration followed by forced expiration to clear respiratory irritants.

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    Swallowing reflex

    Inhibition of respiration during swallowing to prevent food aspiration.

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    Baroreceptor reflex

    Regulates breathing based on changes in arterial blood pressure (ABP).

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    Stretch receptors

    Sensors in the right atrium that increase ventilation with increased venous return.

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    Proprioceptors

    Sensors in muscles and joints that stimulate increased ventilation during exercise.

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    Inhibition during swallowing

    Closure of the glottis to prevent aspiration while swallowing or vomiting.

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    Pneumotaxic Center

    A region in the upper pons that regulates the rhythm of breathing.

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    Inhibitory Action

    The pneumotaxic center inhibits inspiratory neurons, shortening inspiration duration.

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    Respiratory Rate

    The number of breaths taken per minute, affected by the pneumotaxic center’s signals.

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    Cerebral Cortex Role

    Modifies automatic breathing via conscious control for activities like singing.

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    Limbic System and Hypothalamus

    Regulates breathing in response to emotions and temperature changes.

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    Pulmonary Stretch Receptors

    Receptors in the lungs that detect overdistension and inhibit inspiration.

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    J Receptors

    Receptors that respond to pulmonary congestion and stimulate shallow rapid breathing.

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    Study Notes

    Neural Control of Breathing

    • Breathing is controlled by neural mechanisms, including medullary centers, pontine centers, and higher centers.
    • Spontaneous breathing originates from rhythmic discharges of motor neurons innervating respiratory muscles. These signals are entirely dependent on nerve impulses from the brain.
    • Chemical control regulates the brain's rhythmic discharges via alterations in arterial oxygen (PO2), carbon dioxide (PCO2), and hydrogen ion (H+) concentration.

    Medullary Centers

    • Located bilaterally in the medulla oblongata, and bilaterally connected.
    • Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG): generates the basic rhythm of respiration; pacemaker cells in the pre-Bötzinger complex (pre-BÖTC) are involved.
      • Stimulation of DRG leads to contraction of diaphragm and external intercostals (inspiration).
      • Inhibition of DRG results in relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals (expiration).
    • Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG):
      • Located in the ventral part of the medulla.
      • Inactive during normal quiet breathing but active during deep expiration.
      • Stimulation leads to contraction of abdominal and internal intercostals, resulting in expiration.

    Pontine Centers

    • Located in the lower part of the pons.
    • Apneustic center:
      • Prolongs inspiration by stimulating DRG inspiratory neurons, preventing them from shutting down.
    • Pneumotaxic center:
      • Located in the upper pons.
      • Plays a role in the switch between inspiration and expiration.
      • Inhibits DRG inspiratory neurons (shortening inspiration), increasing the respiratory rate (30-40 breaths per minute).
      • Damage to the pneumotaxic center results in prolonged slower breathing with deeper volume.

    Hering-Breuer Reflex

    • Afferent impulses from the vagus nerve trigger the same effect as the pneumotaxic center.
    • Overstimulation of lungs (stretching) through stretch receptors in bronchi and bronchioles leads to inhibition of the inspiratory center.
    • This decreases the duration of inspiration and increases the respiratory rate.

    Other Influences on Respiration

    • Higher centers: The cerebral cortex, limbic system, and hypothalamus can influence breathing rate and depth.
      • Emotions and pain activate the sympathetic center in the hypothalamus, impacting breathing rate and volume.
      • Temperature regulation in the hypothalamus is involved in controlling breathing in extreme temperatures (e.g., heat).
    • Pulmonary stretch receptors, lung irritant receptors, Juxta medullary capillary receptors are other respiratory mechanisms that help control breathing according to lung conditions and needs.
    • Air passages are controlled and protected based on reflexes like coughing, sneezing, and swallowing to prevent any irritation from reaching the lungs.
    • Muscle and joints: Proprioceptors from muscles, joints, and ligaments influence breathing during exercise by stimulating the respiratory center.
    • Viscera: Swallowing and vomiting cause inhibition of breathing and closure of the glottis to prevent aspiration.
    • Circulatory system: blood pressure and venous return are crucial for proper respiration. Changes in blood pressure impact breathing patterns, and venous return influences the respiratory system to maintain ventilation.

    Review Questions

    • Which structure inhibits inspiration to regulate breathing rate and volume?
      • Pneumotaxic center

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    Neural Control of Breathing PDF

    Description

    Explore the neural mechanisms that control breathing, focusing on the medullary and pontine centers. Understand the role of the Dorsal and Ventral Respiratory Groups in regulating respiration, including the influence of chemical control on breathing rhythms. This quiz delves into the intricate connections between neural signals and respiratory muscle actions.

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