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Questions and Answers
Which HTTP method is primarily used for sending data to the server, like filling out forms?
Which HTTP method is primarily used for sending data to the server, like filling out forms?
The GET method can include user input directly in the requested URL.
The GET method can include user input directly in the requested URL.
True
What does the status code 404 indicate?
What does the status code 404 indicate?
Not Found
The HTTP method used for uploading an object to a specific path on the web servers is called ______.
The HTTP method used for uploading an object to a specific path on the web servers is called ______.
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Match the following HTTP status codes with their meanings:
Match the following HTTP status codes with their meanings:
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What additional security services does a transport protocol provide besides confidentiality?
What additional security services does a transport protocol provide besides confidentiality?
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TCP provides encryption by default.
TCP provides encryption by default.
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What is the purpose of the handshaking procedure in TCP?
What is the purpose of the handshaking procedure in TCP?
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The ___________ Layer is where SSL operates to provide encryption and security.
The ___________ Layer is where SSL operates to provide encryption and security.
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Match the following TCP services with their descriptions:
Match the following TCP services with their descriptions:
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Which of the following protocols ensures reliable data transfer?
Which of the following protocols ensures reliable data transfer?
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What happens after the application finishes sending messages in a TCP connection?
What happens after the application finishes sending messages in a TCP connection?
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Which of the following statements correctly describes UDP?
Which of the following statements correctly describes UDP?
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UDP provides throughput guarantees for message delivery.
UDP provides throughput guarantees for message delivery.
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What does HTTP stand for?
What does HTTP stand for?
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The Web operates on demand, allowing users to receive what they want, when they want it, facilitated by hyperlinks and __________.
The Web operates on demand, allowing users to receive what they want, when they want it, facilitated by hyperlinks and __________.
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Match the following components of HTTP with their descriptions:
Match the following components of HTTP with their descriptions:
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What is a key characteristic of an application-layer protocol?
What is a key characteristic of an application-layer protocol?
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The World Wide Web was introduced in the early 1980s.
The World Wide Web was introduced in the early 1980s.
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What is a web page made up of?
What is a web page made up of?
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HTTP uses __________ as its underlying transport protocol.
HTTP uses __________ as its underlying transport protocol.
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What type of protocol does the server use when it does not store any state information about the client?
What type of protocol does the server use when it does not store any state information about the client?
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HTTP by default uses persistent connections.
HTTP by default uses persistent connections.
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What does RTT stand for and why is it significant in web communication?
What does RTT stand for and why is it significant in web communication?
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In a non-persistent connection, a new __________ needs to be established for each requested object.
In a non-persistent connection, a new __________ needs to be established for each requested object.
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Match the following connection types with their characteristics:
Match the following connection types with their characteristics:
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Which browser was mentioned as running on a PC?
Which browser was mentioned as running on a PC?
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Persistent connections are more resource-intensive on the server side than non-persistent connections.
Persistent connections are more resource-intensive on the server side than non-persistent connections.
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What must be done for each object in non-persistent connections before receiving a response?
What must be done for each object in non-persistent connections before receiving a response?
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HTTP can be configured to use __________ connections instead of the default non-persistent connections.
HTTP can be configured to use __________ connections instead of the default non-persistent connections.
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What is the implication of using non-persistent connections regarding server resources?
What is the implication of using non-persistent connections regarding server resources?
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What is a feature of Persistent HTTP?
What is a feature of Persistent HTTP?
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The majority of HTTP requests use the POST method.
The majority of HTTP requests use the POST method.
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What happens if a persistent TCP connection is not used for a pre-decided amount of time?
What happens if a persistent TCP connection is not used for a pre-decided amount of time?
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The ______ method is commonly used to request web pages and objects.
The ______ method is commonly used to request web pages and objects.
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Match the HTTP methods with their typical usage:
Match the HTTP methods with their typical usage:
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What character sequence signifies the end of HTTP header lines?
What character sequence signifies the end of HTTP header lines?
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In HTTP message format, the request line includes three fields: method, URL, and HTTP version.
In HTTP message format, the request line includes three fields: method, URL, and HTTP version.
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What does 'pipelining' allow in HTTP requests?
What does 'pipelining' allow in HTTP requests?
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The __________ character is used to indicate the end of the request line in an HTTP message.
The __________ character is used to indicate the end of the request line in an HTTP message.
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Which HTTP method is primarily used to delete a resource?
Which HTTP method is primarily used to delete a resource?
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Study Notes
Network Applications
- Network applications are the core of computer networks
- Text, email, remote access, file transfers, the World Wide Web, web searching, e-commerce, Twitter, Facebook, Amazon, Netflix, and YouTube are examples.
Network Application Architectures
- Network architecture is fixed and provides services to applications
- Application architecture is chosen by the developer.
- Two predominant architectural paradigms used in modern network applications are client-server and peer-to-peer.
Client-Server Architecture
- A dedicated server host (always on) services requests from many client hosts
- Clients do not communicate directly with each other
- A data center (a group of hosts) may be used to handle client requests on a single server host
Peer-to-Peer Architecture
- Minimal or no reliance on dedicated servers
- Application exploits direct communication between intermittently connected peers (end systems owned and controlled by users)
- Provides self-scalability and is cost-effective because it does not require significant infrastructure or server bandwidth
Processes Communicating
- Processes, not programs, communicate in operating systems
- A process is a program running within an end system
- Processes on different end systems communicate by exchanging messages
- A sending process creates and sends messages into the network
- A receiving process receives these messages and may respond with messages
Interface Between Process and Network
- A socket serves as the interface between the application and transport layer
- Provides an Application Programming Interface (API) between application and network
- Application developer has control of application layer
- Limited control of transport layer (choice of protocol and transport layer parameters like max buffer & segment sizes)
Transport Services
- Reliable data transfer guarantees delivery without errors or loss
- Throughput is the rate at which data is delivered, bandwidth-sensitive applications require specific throughput
- Timing guarantees are provided for real-time applications (like telephony)
- Security services like encryption and data integrity can be offered
Internet Transport Services
- TCP provides connection-oriented and reliable data transfer services (e.g., file transfers, web documents)
- UDP provides no frills, lightweight, and unreliable data transfer services (e.g. streaming multimedia)
The World Wide Web and HTTP
- HTTP is the application-layer protocol for the Web
- Implemented in client-server programs
- A web page is a collection of objects (HTML, images, etc.) addressable through URLs
- The HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) uses TCP
- HTTP is a stateless protocol
Non-Persistent vs Persistent Connections
- Non-persistent connections open a new connection for each object requested
- Persistent connections keep the connection open for multiple requests
HTTP Message Format
- Two types of HTTP messages: request and response.
- Request message components: request line, header lines, and a blank line followed by an entity body.
- Response message components: status line, header lines, and an entity body.
Content Distribution Networks (CDNs)
- Popular video streaming services use CDNs to distribute video content on servers that are positioned geographically close to the clients.
Socket Programming
- A socket is a point of communication between applications & transport protocols
- Two socket types for transport services: UDP and TCP
- UDP provides unreliable datagram transfer
- TCP provides reliable byte stream-oriented transfer
Peer-to-Peer Applications
- File distribution protocols redistribute parts of the file to other peers to increase speed
- BitTorrent is a popular P2P file distribution protocol
Distributed Hash Tables (DHTs)
- DHTs are distributed databases used in P2P networks.
- Each peer in a DHT can store chunks of the files.
Video Streaming
- Streaming video accounts for a large part of internet traffic.
- Video is encoded for compression and different bits rates.
- Common streaming approach is divided into chunks at different rates.
DNS - The Internet's Directory Service
- DNS is a distributed database that translates hostnames to IP addresses(e.g., www.example.com to 192.168.1.100)
- DNS runs over UDP, uses port 53.
- It is hierarchical and distributed around the world.
- DNS servers: root DNS servers, top-level domain (TLD) servers, and authoritative DNS servers.
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Description
Explore the essentials of network applications and their architectures through this quiz. Delve into the distinctions between client-server and peer-to-peer systems while examining various examples of network applications. Test your understanding of these critical concepts in modern computing.
