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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a structural component of a neuron?
Which of the following is a structural component of a neuron?
- Astrocyte
- Glial cell
- Dendrite (correct)
- Ependymal cell
What is the function of sensory neurons?
What is the function of sensory neurons?
- Transmit sensory information to the CNS (correct)
- Carry signals to muscles or glands
- Provide structural support to neurons
- Connect sensory and motor neurons
Which part of the neuron transmits impulses away from the cell body?
Which part of the neuron transmits impulses away from the cell body?
- Dendrite
- Cell body
- Axon (correct)
- Synapse
What is the main function of motor neurons?
What is the main function of motor neurons?
Which type of cell produces myelin sheaths in the central nervous system (CNS)?
Which type of cell produces myelin sheaths in the central nervous system (CNS)?
Which of the following is a function of astrocytes?
Which of the following is a function of astrocytes?
Which glial cells line the ventricles and central canal of the CNS?
Which glial cells line the ventricles and central canal of the CNS?
What is the primary function of microglia in the CNS?
What is the primary function of microglia in the CNS?
Which cells produce myelin in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
Which cells produce myelin in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
Where are satellite cells located?
Where are satellite cells located?
Which division includes the brain and spinal cord?
Which division includes the brain and spinal cord?
Which part of the nervous system includes cranial and spinal nerves?
Which part of the nervous system includes cranial and spinal nerves?
Which of these contains the cerebrum and cerebellum?
Which of these contains the cerebrum and cerebellum?
What is the somatic nervous system responsible for?
What is the somatic nervous system responsible for?
What is the visceral sensory division responsible for?
What is the visceral sensory division responsible for?
What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
What does the autonomic nervous system control?
What does the autonomic nervous system control?
What is the cell body of a neuron also known as?
What is the cell body of a neuron also known as?
What is the function of the dendrites?
What is the function of the dendrites?
What is anaxonic neuron?
What is anaxonic neuron?
What is the role of interneurons in the nervous system?
What is the role of interneurons in the nervous system?
What triggers the release of neurotransmitters at the synapse?
What triggers the release of neurotransmitters at the synapse?
What are the predominant glial cells in white matter?
What are the predominant glial cells in white matter?
What is a unique marker for astrocytes?
What is a unique marker for astrocytes?
What feature of ependymal cells facilitates the movement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
What feature of ependymal cells facilitates the movement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
How are microglia recognizable?
How are microglia recognizable?
What is another name for Schwann cells?
What is another name for Schwann cells?
What type of cells surrounds neuron cell bodies in ganglia?
What type of cells surrounds neuron cell bodies in ganglia?
How is the central nervous system primarily protected?
How is the central nervous system primarily protected?
Where is gray matter located?
Where is gray matter located?
What are the layers of the cerebellar cortex?
What are the layers of the cerebellar cortex?
Spinal cord's gray matter is divided into what?
Spinal cord's gray matter is divided into what?
What is dura mater composed of?
What is dura mater composed of?
Dura mater is also known as?
Dura mater is also known as?
Which space contains the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
Which space contains the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
What is the main component of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
What is the main component of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
What does the choroid plexus do to main homeostasis?
What does the choroid plexus do to main homeostasis?
What are peripheral nerves enclosed with?
What are peripheral nerves enclosed with?
What type of fibers are enclosed by myelin?
What type of fibers are enclosed by myelin?
Which of the following classification do sensory ganglia fall under?
Which of the following classification do sensory ganglia fall under?
Autonomic ganglia location include?
Autonomic ganglia location include?
Questions and Answers
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Flashcards
Flashcards
Nervous tissue
Nervous tissue
The tissue that makes up the Brain, Spinal cord and nerves.
The central nervous system (CNS)
The central nervous system (CNS)
The brain, cerebrum, and cerebellum.
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, peripheral nerves, and ganglia.
Sensory Division
Sensory Division
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Motor Division
Motor Division
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Somatic nervous system (SNS)
Somatic nervous system (SNS)
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Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
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Neurons
Neurons
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Glial cells
Glial cells
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Cell body/Perikaryon
Cell body/Perikaryon
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Dendrites
Dendrites
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Axon
Axon
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Sensory (afferent) neurons
Sensory (afferent) neurons
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Motor (efferent) neurons
Motor (efferent) neurons
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Interneurons
Interneurons
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Electrical signaling (Neurons)
Electrical signaling (Neurons)
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Chemical signaling (Neurons)
Chemical signaling (Neurons)
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Oligodendrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
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Astrocytes
Astrocytes
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Ependymal cells
Ependymal cells
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Microglia
Microglia
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Schwann cells
Schwann cells
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Blood brain barrier (CNS)
Blood brain barrier (CNS)
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Classification of Ganglia
Classification of Ganglia
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Location of autonomic ganglia
Location of autonomic ganglia
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Flashcards
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Study Notes
Study Notes
- Nervous tissue's role involves facilitating communication and control throughout the body
Neuron Structure
- Neurons consist of a cell body (soma), dendrites, an axon, and synapses
Nerve Impulse Conduction
- Nerve impulse conduction involves:
- Resting membrane potential
- Action potential
- Synaptic transmission
Nervous System Divisions
- The central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) are differentiated by their components and functions
Anatomic Divisions of the Nervous System
- CNS includes the brain (cerebrum and cerebellum) and spinal cord
- PNS includes cranial nerves, spinal nerves, peripheral nerves, and ganglia
Functional Divisions of the Nervous System
- Sensory division (afferent) includes somatic and visceral components
- Motor division (efferent) has somatic and autonomic components
Peripheral Nervous System Subsystems
- Somatic nervous system (SNS)
- Autonomic nervous system (ANS) includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
Nerve Cells
- Neurons
- Glial cells
Neuron Functions
- The cell body (perikaryon) contains the nucleus and most organelles and serves as the synthetic and trophic center
- Dendrites are numerous elongated processes that extend from the cell body and receive stimuli
- The axon is a single long process that ends at synapses
Neuron Structural Classification
- Multipolar neuron
- Bipolar neuron
- Unipolar neuron
- Anaxonic neuron
Neuron Functional Classification
- Sensory (afferent) neurons transmit sensory information from receptors to the CNS
- Motor (efferent) neurons carry signals from the CNS to muscles or glands to initiate actions
- Interneurons act as connectors between sensory and motor neurons and are vital for processing and integrating information
Neuron Signaling
- Electrical signaling involves neurons generating action potentials (nerve impulses) in response to stimuli
- Those impulses travel along the axon to the axon terminals
- Chemical signaling features the action potential triggering neurotransmitter release (e.g., dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine) at the synapse
- Released neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, initiating a response
Glial Cells
- Glial cells of the central nervous system include ependymal cells, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes
- Glial cells of the peripheral nervous system include Schwann cells and satellite cells
Glial Cells: Oligodendrocytes
- Oligodendrocytes get their name from the Greek words oligos (small, few), dendron (tree), and kytos (cell)
- Oligodendrocytes are located in the central nervous system
- These cells produce myelin sheaths that insulate axons in the CNS, increasing the speed of electrical impulse transmission
- Predominant glial cells in white matter
- Not visible in routine microscope
Glial Cells: Astrocytes
- Astrocytes are named from the Greek words astro (star) and kytos (cell)
- Astrocytes are located in the central nervous system
- They provide structural/metabolic support to neurons (especially at synapses) and aid in repair processes
- Astrocytes contain bundles of intermediate filaments made of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), a unique marker
Glial Cells: Ependymal Cells
- Ependymal cells line the ventricles and central canal of the CNS
- These cells aid in the production and movement of CSF
- Ependymal cells appear as columnar or cuboidal
- Some ependymal cells have apical ends containing cilia (aid movement of cerebrospinal fluid) and microvilli (for absorption)
- These cells do not have a basal lamina, but basal ends are elongated and extended branching processes adjacent to a neurophil
Glial Cells: Microglia
- Microglia reside in the central nervous system
- These cells derived from monocytes and act as antigen-presenting cells of the CNS
- Microglia are involved in inflammatory responses, repair, and phagocytosis
- Evenly distributed throughout regions of gray and white matter
- Nuclei are recognizable in routine H&E stains
Glial Cells: Schwann Cells
- Schwann cells are also known as neurolemmocytes
- They are derived from the embryonic neural crest
- Schwann cells are located in the peripheral nervous system
- Functionally, they exert a trophic and supportive effect on neurons, insulating, nourishing, and regulating their microenvironments
Glial Cells: Satellite Cells
- Satellite cells are derived from the embryonic neural crest
- Located in the Peripheral Nervous System
- Act trophically and provide support to neurons, insulating/nourishing them and regulating their microenvironments
The Central Nervous System
- Relatively soft and easily damaged by injuries affecting the protective skull or vertebral bones
- Regions show areas of white and gray matter
CNS: White and Gray Matter
-
Gray matter has dendrites, astrocytes, and microglia, but is lacking myelin (unmyelinated)
-
White matter contains myelin-producing oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, is rich in myelin (myelinated)
-
Gray matter is the thick cortex or surface layer of the cerebrum and cerebellum, while white matter resides in the deeper regions of both
CNS: Cerebellar Cortex Layers
- Molecular layer (outer layer) contains lots of neurophil and scattered neuronal cell bodies
- Purkinje cells (middle layer): thin and feature large neurons, these are the principal neurons of the cerebellar cortex
- Granular layer (inner layer) contains very small, densely packed neurons
CNS: Spinal Cord
- Gray matter features posterior (dorsal) and anterior (ventral) horns
- White matter contains ascending and descending tracts
CNS: Meninges
- Three meningeal layers: dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater
- Dura mater (tough mother) features dense, fibrous connective tissue, 2 layers that include a periosteal and meningeal layer
- Dura separated from the vertebral column by the epidural space
- Arachnoid (spider web-like) features 2 components
- sheet of connective tissue in contact with the dura mater
- system of loosely arranged trabeculae composed of collagen and fibroblast
- The subarachnoid space is space between arachnoid dura/pia maters and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
CNS: Blood Brain Barrier
- A functional barrier that controls tightly in most tissues over the passage of substances moving from blood into the CNS tissue
- The main component of BBB is the capillary endothelium
- Functions to protect neurons and glia from bacterial toxins, infectious agents, and other exogenous substances
- Helps maintain the stable composition of ions in the interstitial fluid
CNS: Choroid Plexus
- Highly vascular tissue folded/projecting into the large ventricles of the brain
- Each villus contains a thin layer of well-vascularized pia mater covered by cuboidal ependymal cells
- Main function is to remove water from the blood and release it as CSF
- Plays a key role of maintaining the homeostasis of the central nervous system by regulating the CSF composition and volume
PNS: Nerve Fibers
- Contain axons enclosed within sheaths of glial cells specialized to facilitate axonal function
- Axons are sheathed by schwann cells in peripheral nerves
- Sheaths may or may not form myelin around axons
PNS: Classification of Nerve Fibers
- Myelinated Fibers
- Unmyelinated Fibers
PNS: Ganglia
- These contain cell bodies of neurons, satellite cells, are supported by connective tissue and surrounded by a capsule
- Ganglia serve as relay stations to transmit nerve impulses
PNS: Ganglia Classification
- Sensory ganglion
- Autonomic ganglion
PNS: Sensory Ganglia
- Contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons and transmit sensory information from the periphery to the CNS
- Neurons are pseudounipolar and relay information to the spinal cord via synapses with local neurons
- Located near dorsal roots of spinal nerves (dorsal root ganglia) and cranial nerves
PNS: Autonomic Ganglia
- Named from the Greek "autos" (self) and "nomos" (law)
- These are bulbous dilations in autonomic nerves with multipolar neurons
- Affect activity of smooth muscle, secretion of some glands, heart rate, and homeostasis
- Locations include near or inside organs for parasympathetic ganglia and close to the spinal cord in the sympathetic chain (sympathetic ganglia)
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