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Questions and Answers
What does the somatic nervous system primarily control?
What does the somatic nervous system primarily control?
What is the role of sensory nerves in the somatic nervous system?
What is the role of sensory nerves in the somatic nervous system?
Which of the following movements can be performed by the somatic nervous system?
Which of the following movements can be performed by the somatic nervous system?
What does the myenteric plexus primarily control?
What does the myenteric plexus primarily control?
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Which part of the neuron is responsible for receiving signals from other neurons?
Which part of the neuron is responsible for receiving signals from other neurons?
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What function does the enteric nervous system (ENS) perform?
What function does the enteric nervous system (ENS) perform?
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Which of the following accurately describes the axon?
Which of the following accurately describes the axon?
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What does the submucosal plexus primarily regulate?
What does the submucosal plexus primarily regulate?
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What are the primary components of the central nervous system (CNS)?
What are the primary components of the central nervous system (CNS)?
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Which type of neuron is responsible for transmitting sensory information to the central nervous system?
Which type of neuron is responsible for transmitting sensory information to the central nervous system?
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What is the main function of neuroglia in the nervous system?
What is the main function of neuroglia in the nervous system?
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Which part of the peripheral nervous system controls the involuntary functions of the body?
Which part of the peripheral nervous system controls the involuntary functions of the body?
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What types of information does the somatic nervous system primarily manage?
What types of information does the somatic nervous system primarily manage?
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What is the role of the spinal cord within the central nervous system?
What is the role of the spinal cord within the central nervous system?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the central nervous system?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the central nervous system?
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The peripheral nervous system includes which of the following structures?
The peripheral nervous system includes which of the following structures?
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What is the primary function of the axon hillock in a neuron?
What is the primary function of the axon hillock in a neuron?
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Which type of connection primarily involves the axon connecting to the dendrite of another neuron?
Which type of connection primarily involves the axon connecting to the dendrite of another neuron?
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What is the effect of myelin sheath on action potential conduction speed?
What is the effect of myelin sheath on action potential conduction speed?
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Which cells are responsible for forming the myelin sheath in the central nervous system?
Which cells are responsible for forming the myelin sheath in the central nervous system?
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What is a potential symptom of Multiple Sclerosis due to myelin sheath disruption?
What is a potential symptom of Multiple Sclerosis due to myelin sheath disruption?
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What type of connection allows signals to be transmitted directly to the cell body of a neuron?
What type of connection allows signals to be transmitted directly to the cell body of a neuron?
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What can trigger Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)?
What can trigger Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)?
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What role does an axo-axonal connection play in neuron communication?
What role does an axo-axonal connection play in neuron communication?
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What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?
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Which of the following statements about preganglionic and postganglionic neurons is true?
Which of the following statements about preganglionic and postganglionic neurons is true?
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What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system?
What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system?
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How are the ganglia arranged in the sympathetic nervous system?
How are the ganglia arranged in the sympathetic nervous system?
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Which region of the spinal cord does the sympathetic nervous system originate from?
Which region of the spinal cord does the sympathetic nervous system originate from?
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What does the term 'cranio-sacral' refer to in the context of the autonomic nervous system?
What does the term 'cranio-sacral' refer to in the context of the autonomic nervous system?
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What happens to digestion during the activation of the sympathetic nervous system?
What happens to digestion during the activation of the sympathetic nervous system?
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What best describes the length of the preganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system?
What best describes the length of the preganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system?
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Which disease is characterized by a rapid progression of muscle weakness and paralysis due to autoimmune attacks on the myelin sheath?
Which disease is characterized by a rapid progression of muscle weakness and paralysis due to autoimmune attacks on the myelin sheath?
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What role do Schwann cells play in the peripheral nervous system?
What role do Schwann cells play in the peripheral nervous system?
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Which type of neuron is characterized by having multiple dendrites and a single axon?
Which type of neuron is characterized by having multiple dendrites and a single axon?
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Which type of neuroglial cell is responsible for producing myelin in the central nervous system?
Which type of neuroglial cell is responsible for producing myelin in the central nervous system?
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Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP) is different from Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) in that:
Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP) is different from Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) in that:
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Which function is NOT associated with astrocytes in the central nervous system?
Which function is NOT associated with astrocytes in the central nervous system?
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What mechanism do microglia utilize in response to damage or infection in the central nervous system?
What mechanism do microglia utilize in response to damage or infection in the central nervous system?
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In which structure are satellite cells primarily found?
In which structure are satellite cells primarily found?
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What structure distinguishes pseudounipolar neurons from other types of neurons?
What structure distinguishes pseudounipolar neurons from other types of neurons?
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What type of sensations do small nerve fibers transmit?
What type of sensations do small nerve fibers transmit?
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Which type of nerve fiber has the fastest conduction velocity?
Which type of nerve fiber has the fastest conduction velocity?
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What are Type B nerve fibers primarily associated with?
What are Type B nerve fibers primarily associated with?
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The arm of the pseudounipolar neuron that receives the stimulus is known as what?
The arm of the pseudounipolar neuron that receives the stimulus is known as what?
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What characteristic do Type C nerve fibers possess?
What characteristic do Type C nerve fibers possess?
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Which subtype of Type A nerve fibers is responsible for transmitting sharp, rapid pain?
Which subtype of Type A nerve fibers is responsible for transmitting sharp, rapid pain?
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As the diameter of a nerve fiber increases, what happens to the conduction speed?
As the diameter of a nerve fiber increases, what happens to the conduction speed?
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Study Notes
Nervous System Physiology Essentials 1
- The nervous system consists of neurons that transmit signals and neuroglia that support neurons.
- The nervous system receives information, organizes it, processes it, and transmits it.
- It's divided into two parts: central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).
Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Includes the brain and spinal cord.
- It's the primary information processing center of the body—managing all neural activities, coordinating them, and initiating responses.
- The brain manages cognitive functions, such as thought processes, perception, learning, memory, and emotions.
- The spinal cord facilitates signal transmission between the brain and the rest of the body.
- The CNS consists of neurons and glial cells. Glial cells support, nourish, and protect the neurons.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Connects the CNS with the rest of the body, comprising 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves and their ganglia.
- The PNS's function is to relay and manage sensory information, allowing the CNS to process and respond to the body's surroundings and internal environment.
- The PNS has two main parts.
- One is the somatic nervous system (SNS), which governs voluntary movements and interactions with the external environment.
- The other is the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which regulates involuntary processes like heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and sweating.
Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
- Controls voluntary movements.
- Consists of motor nerves that initiate muscle contractions and sensory nerves that deliver sensory information such as touch, pain, and temperature to the CNS.
- Sensory nerves transmit sensory information from the skin, muscles, and joints.
- Motor nerves carry commands from the CNS to the muscles, causing them to contract.
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
- Governs involuntary functions.
- It regulates the body's internal environment.
- Divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions working in opposition—often affecting the same target organs in opposite ways.
Sympathetic Nervous System
- Triggers the fight-or-flight response, preparing the body for stressful situations, increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and slowing down digestion.
- Prepares the body for immediate action.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
- Promotes rest-and-digest responses.
- Slows the heart rate and blood pressure, and increases digestion.
- Responsible for maintaining homeostasis when the body is at rest.
Enteric Nervous System (ENS)
- A network of neurons located within the walls of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract).
- Regulates digestion and function of the GI tract independently of the CNS but continuously interacts with it.
- It consists of two plexuses (networks of neurons): myenteric and submucosal plexuses.
Neuron Anatomy
- Neurons are the basic structural and functional units of the nervous system.
- Neurons comprise three distinct components: soma (cell body), dendrites, and axon.
- The soma houses the nucleus and other organelles, essential for neuron function.
- Dendrites collect signals from other neurons.
- The axon transmits signals to other neurons.
- The axon hillock is where the soma and axon meet. It's the area where electrical signals originate.
Types of Neuronal Connections
- Axo-dendritic: Axon connects to dendrite—the most common type.
- Axo-somatic: Axon connects to the soma.
- Axo-axonal: Axon connects to another axon.
Myelinated vs. Unmyelinated Axons
- Myelin sheath made of glial cells surround the axon.
- Myelin increases conduction speed and efficiency.
- Nodes of Ranvier are gaps in the myelin sheath that enable the signal to jump from node to node.
- Unmyelinated axons have slower signal transmission speed compared to myelinated axons.
Types of Neuroglial Cells
- Glial cells provide support, nourishment, insulation, and protection for the neurons.
Astrocytes
- Contribute to the blood-brain barrier and support neurons.
Microglia
- Immune cells of the central nervous system.
Oligodendrocytes (CNS) / Schwann Cells (PNS)
- Provide myelin to axons in order to increase their speed of conductivity.
Ependymal Cells
- Line the brain ventricles and regulate cerebrospinal fluid.
Satellite Cells
- Surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia, providing support, nourishment, and protection.
Classification of Neurons
- Based on structure: multipolar, bipolar, unipolar (pseudounipolar).
- Based on function: sensory (afferent), motor (efferent), interneurons.
Nerve Fiber Types
- Classified by diameter, myelination, and conduction speed.
- Group A fibers have the largest diameter and fastest conduction speed—involved in rapid sensory and motor control.
- Group B fibers are intermediate in size.
- Group C fibers are the smallest and slowest—involved in slower functions such as pain and temperature perception, and autonomic regulation.
Nervous System Diseases
- Multiple Sclerosis (MS): An autoimmune disease affecting the myelin sheath of neurons. Symptoms include fatigue, balance problems, and muscle weakness.
- Neuromyelitis Optica (Devic's Disease): Autoimmune disease attacking the spinal cord and optic nerves—causing optic neuritis, damage to vision, and other symptoms.
- Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: Genetically inherited disorder affecting peripheral nerves and causing progressive muscle weakness.
- Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM): Inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. It can be triggered by a viral infection or vaccination.
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Description
Explore the fundamental aspects of the nervous system, including the roles of neurons and neuroglia. This quiz covers the distinctions between the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), as well as their functions in processing and transmitting information. Test your knowledge of how these systems work together for cognitive functions and body responses.
