Podcast
Questions and Answers
What makes up the nervous system?
What makes up the nervous system?
Organs, the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia.
What do sensory functions do?
What do sensory functions do?
Produce thoughts or add to memory.
What do integrative functions do?
What do integrative functions do?
Makes decisions.
What do motor functions do?
What do motor functions do?
What are the two main subdivisions of the nervous system?
What are the two main subdivisions of the nervous system?
What is the function of the afferent sensory division?
What is the function of the afferent sensory division?
What is the function of the efferent sensory division?
What is the function of the efferent sensory division?
What function is performed by the somatic nervous system of the efferent (motor) division?
What function is performed by the somatic nervous system of the efferent (motor) division?
What function is performed by the autonomic nervous system of the efferent (motor) division?
What function is performed by the autonomic nervous system of the efferent (motor) division?
What are the three basic parts of a neuron?
What are the three basic parts of a neuron?
What is a function of a dendrite?
What is a function of a dendrite?
What is a function of an axon?
What is a function of an axon?
What is a myelin sheath?
What is a myelin sheath?
What makes up the white matter in the central nervous system?
What makes up the white matter in the central nervous system?
What makes up the gray matter in the central nervous system?
What makes up the gray matter in the central nervous system?
What is the neurilemma, and what is its function?
What is the neurilemma, and what is its function?
What is the function of oligodendrocytes?
What is the function of oligodendrocytes?
Why can't nerve fibers in the central nervous system regenerate?
Why can't nerve fibers in the central nervous system regenerate?
Describe the functions of the afferent sensory neurons.
Describe the functions of the afferent sensory neurons.
Describe the functions of the efferent sensory neurons.
Describe the functions of the efferent sensory neurons.
Describe the functions of the interneurons.
Describe the functions of the interneurons.
What is the function of neuroglia?
What is the function of neuroglia?
What is a synapse?
What is a synapse?
What is a reflex?
What is a reflex?
What are some examples of reflexes that take place in the body?
What are some examples of reflexes that take place in the body?
What makes up the central nervous system?
What makes up the central nervous system?
What three layers make up the meninges, starting with the outer layer?
What three layers make up the meninges, starting with the outer layer?
What is the function of the corpus callosum?
What is the function of the corpus callosum?
What five lobes make up the cerebral hemisphere?
What five lobes make up the cerebral hemisphere?
Where is the cerebral cortex located?
Where is the cerebral cortex located?
What makes up the cerebral cortex?
What makes up the cerebral cortex?
What functions are controlled by the cerebral cortex?
What functions are controlled by the cerebral cortex?
What is the function of the thalamus that makes up the diencephalons?
What is the function of the thalamus that makes up the diencephalons?
What is the function of the hypothalamus that makes up the diencephalons?
What is the function of the hypothalamus that makes up the diencephalons?
What is the function of the epithalamus that makes up the diencephalons?
What is the function of the epithalamus that makes up the diencephalons?
What structures make up the brain stem?
What structures make up the brain stem?
What is the function of the cardiac control center located in the medulla?
What is the function of the cardiac control center located in the medulla?
What is the function of the respiratory control center located in the medulla?
What is the function of the respiratory control center located in the medulla?
What is the function of the vasomotor control center located in the medulla?
What is the function of the vasomotor control center located in the medulla?
What is the function of the cerebellum?
What is the function of the cerebellum?
What are ventricles?
What are ventricles?
What is the starting point and ending point of the spinal cord?
What is the starting point and ending point of the spinal cord?
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
What is the difference between ascending tracts and descending tracts of the spinal cord?
What is the difference between ascending tracts and descending tracts of the spinal cord?
What makes up the peripheral nervous system?
What makes up the peripheral nervous system?
What type of nerve fibers make up sensory nerves?
What type of nerve fibers make up sensory nerves?
What type of nerve fibers make up motor nerves?
What type of nerve fibers make up motor nerves?
What type of nerve fibers make up mixed nerves?
What type of nerve fibers make up mixed nerves?
What is the function of the olfactory cranial nerve?
What is the function of the olfactory cranial nerve?
What is the function of the optic cranial nerve?
What is the function of the optic cranial nerve?
What is the function of the oculomotor cranial nerve?
What is the function of the oculomotor cranial nerve?
What is the function of the trochlear cranial nerve?
What is the function of the trochlear cranial nerve?
What is the function of the abducens cranial nerve?
What is the function of the abducens cranial nerve?
What is the function of the facial cranial nerve?
What is the function of the facial cranial nerve?
What is the function of the vestibulocochlear cranial nerve?
What is the function of the vestibulocochlear cranial nerve?
What is the function of the glossopharyngeal cranial nerve?
What is the function of the glossopharyngeal cranial nerve?
What is the function of the vagus cranial nerve?
What is the function of the vagus cranial nerve?
What is the function of the accessory cranial nerve?
What is the function of the accessory cranial nerve?
What is the function of the hypoglossal cranial nerve?
What is the function of the hypoglossal cranial nerve?
What are some examples of body functions controlled by the autonomic nervous system?
What are some examples of body functions controlled by the autonomic nervous system?
What are the functions of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
What are the functions of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
What are the functions of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
What are the functions of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
How is memory affected as the nervous system ages?
How is memory affected as the nervous system ages?
Study Notes
Nervous System Overview
- Composed of organs, the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia.
- Divided into two main subdivisions: Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
Functions of the Nervous System
- Sensory Functions: Produce thoughts and enhance memory.
- Integrative Functions: Responsible for decision-making.
- Motor Functions: Signal the brain to initiate muscle movement.
Divisions of the Nervous System
- Afferent Sensory Division: Transmits impulses from peripheral organs to the CNS.
- Efferent Sensory Division: Sends impulses from the CNS to peripheral organs, causing effects.
Subdivisions of the Efferent Division
- Somatic Nervous System: Supplies motor impulses to skeletal muscles.
- Autonomic Nervous System: Supplies motor impulses to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glandular epithelium.
Neurons and Their Components
- Neuron Structure: Consists of a cell body, one or more dendrites, and a single axon.
- Dendrites: Receive signals from other neurons.
- Axons: Terminate in multiple branches, facilitating signal transmission.
Myelination and Nervous System Structure
- Myelin Sheath: A segmented, white, fatty substance that insulates axons.
- White Matter: Composed of myelinated fibers; facilitates rapid signal transmission.
- Gray Matter: Comprised of unmyelinated fibers; involved in processing information.
Nerve Fiber Regeneration
- Neurilemma: Important for regeneration of nerve fibers; absent in the CNS, hindering regeneration.
- Oligodendrocytes: Produce myelin in the CNS.
Neuron Types and Functions
- Afferent Sensory Neurons: Carry impulses from peripheral sense receptors to the CNS.
- Efferent Sensory Neurons: Transmit impulses from the CNS to effector glands.
- Interneurons: Connect afferent and efferent neurons; facilitate communication.
Neuroglia
- Support, nourish, and protect neurons; play a crucial role in overall nervous system health.
Synapses and Reflexes
- Synapse: Area of communication between two neurons.
- Reflex: Automatic, involuntary response to changes inside or outside the body (e.g., coughing, sneezing).
Meninges and Brain Structure
- Meninges Layers: Composed of dura mater, dural sinuses, and arachnoid.
- Corpus Callosum: Communication pathway between hemispheres of the brain.
- Cerebral Lobes: Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, and insula.
Brain Regions and Functions
- Cerebral Cortex: Outermost layer of the cerebrum; contains gray and white matter; controls sensory, motor, and association areas.
- Thalamus: Relays impulses to the appropriate cortical region for processing.
- Hypothalamus: Regulates homeostasis and many visceral activities.
- Epithalamus: Involved in puberty and circadian rhythms.
Brain Stem and Vital Functions
- Brain Stem Components: Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
- Medulla Functions: Regulates heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure.
Cerebellum
- Functions as the motor area for subconscious coordination of skeletal muscle movements.
Spinal Cord Anatomy
- Extends from the foramen magnum to the conus medullaris.
- Comprises 31 pairs of spinal nerves, organized into ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Formed by nerves branching from the brain and spinal cord.
- Sensory Nerves: Contain only afferent fibers.
- Motor Nerves: Contain only efferent fibers.
- Mixed Nerves: Contain both afferent and efferent fibers.
Cranial Nerves and Functions
- Olfactory (I): Sense of smell.
- Optic (II): Vision.
- Oculomotor (III): Controls eye muscles.
- Trochlear (IV): Eye movement.
- Abducens (VI): Lateral eye movement.
- Facial (VII): Facial expressions, tears, and saliva.
- Vestibulocochlear (VIII): Hearing and balance.
- Glossopharyngeal (IX): Taste and carotid blood pressure.
- Vagus (X): Heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and taste.
- Accessory (XI): Neck and shoulder muscles.
- Hypoglossal (XII): Tongue movements.
Autonomic Nervous System
- Functions: Regulates involuntary body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure.
- Sympathetic Division: Prepares the body for stress ("fight or flight").
- Parasympathetic Division: Returns the body to normal state after stress.
Aging and Memory
- Short-term memory is more affected by aging compared to long-term memory.
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Description
Test your understanding of the nervous system, including its structure, functions, and subdivisions. This quiz covers the central and peripheral nervous systems, sensory and motor functions, and the role of neurons. Challenge your knowledge with questions about the complexities of how our bodies interpret and respond to stimuli.
