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Questions and Answers
What is the main type of control exercised by the Autonomic Nervous System?
What is the main type of control exercised by the Autonomic Nervous System?
How many neurons are involved in the motor pathway of the Autonomic Nervous System?
How many neurons are involved in the motor pathway of the Autonomic Nervous System?
Which nervous system is responsible for voluntary control of skeletal muscles?
Which nervous system is responsible for voluntary control of skeletal muscles?
What type of response does the Somatic Nervous System primarily facilitate?
What type of response does the Somatic Nervous System primarily facilitate?
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In terms of control, which statement correctly describes the difference between the ANS and SNS?
In terms of control, which statement correctly describes the difference between the ANS and SNS?
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Which type of receptor is primarily responsible for detecting muscle stretch?
Which type of receptor is primarily responsible for detecting muscle stretch?
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What is the primary function of the outer ear?
What is the primary function of the outer ear?
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What type of pain is detected by A-delta fibers?
What type of pain is detected by A-delta fibers?
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Which part of the ear is responsible for detecting changes in dynamic equilibrium?
Which part of the ear is responsible for detecting changes in dynamic equilibrium?
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What phenomenon describes pain that is felt in a location distant from its origin?
What phenomenon describes pain that is felt in a location distant from its origin?
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Which sensory adaptation describes the reduced sensitivity to a constant stimulus?
Which sensory adaptation describes the reduced sensitivity to a constant stimulus?
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Which type of corpuscles are responsible for perceiving deep pressure and vibration?
Which type of corpuscles are responsible for perceiving deep pressure and vibration?
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What is the main function of nociceptors?
What is the main function of nociceptors?
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What type of lens is used to correct myopia?
What type of lens is used to correct myopia?
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Which part of the eye is responsible for the sharpest vision?
Which part of the eye is responsible for the sharpest vision?
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What is the primary function of rods in the eye?
What is the primary function of rods in the eye?
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What type of communication does the endocrine system use?
What type of communication does the endocrine system use?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the nervous system compared to the endocrine system?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the nervous system compared to the endocrine system?
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Where are receptors for lipid-soluble hormones located?
Where are receptors for lipid-soluble hormones located?
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What is the blind spot in the eye known as?
What is the blind spot in the eye known as?
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Which type of vision are cones primarily responsible for?
Which type of vision are cones primarily responsible for?
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What is the primary function of the cornea in the eye?
What is the primary function of the cornea in the eye?
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Which of the following accessory structures of the eye primarily serve to protect the eye?
Which of the following accessory structures of the eye primarily serve to protect the eye?
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The process where the lens changes shape to focus on nearby or distant objects is known as what?
The process where the lens changes shape to focus on nearby or distant objects is known as what?
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What condition results from clouding of the lens?
What condition results from clouding of the lens?
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Which part of the visual pathway is responsible for total blindness in one eye when damaged?
Which part of the visual pathway is responsible for total blindness in one eye when damaged?
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What is the primary role of the retina in the eye?
What is the primary role of the retina in the eye?
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Loss of peripheral vision (bitemporal hemianopia) occurs when which part of the visual pathway is damaged?
Loss of peripheral vision (bitemporal hemianopia) occurs when which part of the visual pathway is damaged?
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Which of the following is true about hyperopia?
Which of the following is true about hyperopia?
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What is the condition characterized by hyposecretion of thyroid hormones?
What is the condition characterized by hyposecretion of thyroid hormones?
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Which hormone is released by the adrenal glands?
Which hormone is released by the adrenal glands?
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What condition is associated with hypersecretion of cortisol?
What condition is associated with hypersecretion of cortisol?
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Which gland is responsible for releasing parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
Which gland is responsible for releasing parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
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What symptom is commonly associated with hypersecretion of thyroid hormones?
What symptom is commonly associated with hypersecretion of thyroid hormones?
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Which statement accurately explains the Gate Control Theory?
Which statement accurately explains the Gate Control Theory?
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What determines the pitch of a sound?
What determines the pitch of a sound?
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Which taste sensation is associated with the flavor of meat?
Which taste sensation is associated with the flavor of meat?
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Where are olfactory receptors primarily located?
Where are olfactory receptors primarily located?
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Which of the following factors can influence taste perception?
Which of the following factors can influence taste perception?
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What is the primary function of the vestibular apparatus?
What is the primary function of the vestibular apparatus?
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Which statement correctly describes static equilibrium?
Which statement correctly describes static equilibrium?
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What process is involved in the sensation of taste?
What process is involved in the sensation of taste?
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Study Notes
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
- The ANS regulates involuntary processes like heart rate, digestion, and respiration.
- Functions include maintaining homeostasis and adjusting organ activity.
- It operates automatically without conscious effort.
- It's divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
- It involves two-neuron pathways (preganglionic and postganglionic neurons).
- Influences smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands.
Visceral Reflexes
- Unconscious, automatic responses, involving visceral organs.
- Receptors detect internal changes (e.g., blood pressure, pH).
- Afferent neurons carry signals to the CNS.
- Integrating centers process information in the CNS.
- Efferent pathways consist of two neurons (preganglionic and postganglionic).
- Effectors are smooth/cardiac muscles or glands.
- Example: Baroreflex (regulation of blood pressure) involves baroreceptors, afferent pathway to the medulla oblongata and efferent pathway reducing heart rate via the vagus nerve (parasympathetic).
Structural and Functional Differences Between ANS and Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
| Feature | Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) | Somatic Nervous System (SNS) |
|---|---|---|
| Control | Involuntary | Voluntary |
| Motor Pathway | Two neurons: preganglionic and postganglionic | One neuron |
| Ganglia | Present (autonomic ganglia) | Absent |
| Effector Organs | Smooth/cardiac muscles, glands | Skeletal muscles |
| Neurotransmitter | ACh (PSNS); ACh & NE (SNS) | Acetylcholine (ACh) |
| Effect | Excitatory or inhibitory | Always excitatory |
Parasympathetic vs. Sympathetic Divisions of the ANS
| Feature | Parasympathetic (PSNS) | Sympathetic (SNS) |
|---|---|---|
| Origin in CNS | Craniosacral (brainstem and S2-S4 spinal cord) | Thoracolumbar (T1-L2 spinal cord) |
| Ganglionic Fibers | Long preganglionic, short postganglionic | Short preganglionic, long postganglionic |
| Neurotransmitter | Acetylcholine (ACh) at both synapses | ACh at preganglionic; NE (norepinephrine) at postganglionic |
| Receptors | Nicotinic and muscarinic | Nicotinic (preganglionic) and adrenergic (target) |
| General Functions | "Rest and digest": promotes energy conservation | "Fight or flight": prepares body for action |
Sensory Physiology
- Sensory Receptors: Specialized cells/nerve endings for detecting stimuli. E.g., thermoreceptors (temperature), photoreceptors (light).
- Sensory Organs: Structures with sensory receptors & other tissues that enhance stimulus detection. E.g., eyes, ears.
- Receptive Field: Area monitored by a single receptor. Smaller receptive fields mean greater discrimination.
- Sensory Adaptation: Reduced sensitivity to a constant stimulus.
- Sensory information categorized by type (e.g., heat, light), location (receptive field stimulation), intensity (number/frequency of activated receptors) and duration (length of stimulus).
General vs Special Senses
- General: Widely distributed, including touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and proprioception (body position).
- Special: Localized in specific organs. E.g., vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste.
Sensory Receptors (Special Senses)
| Receptor Type | Stimulus it detects | Special Sense |
|---|---|---|
| Thermoreceptors | Temperature | N/A |
| Photoreceptors | Light | Vision |
| Mechanoreceptors | Pressure/vibration | Hearing/equilibrium, etc |
| Nociceptors | Pain | N/A |
| Chemoreceptors | Chemicals | taste/smell |
Other Sensory Information
- Factors affecting sensory perception include attention, experience, emotion and stimulus strength.
- Pain: Detected by nociceptors. Fast pain (sharp, localized) and slow pain (dull, diffuse). Referred pain is felt in a location distant from the origin.
- Pain modulation involves endogenous opioids and the gate control theory.
- Taste: Five primary tastes: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami. Influenced by smell, texture, temperature, genetics and mental state.
- Smell: Olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity detect odorants.
Endocrine System
- The endocrine system is a communication system using hormones that circulate through the bloodstream to affect target cells. These hormones may act on specific organs like muscles or glands or may affect any cell with the correct receptors.
- It is slower, but has longer-lasting effects than the nervous system.
- Hormones are classified into peptides, steroids, or monoamines.
- Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream but exocrine glands use ducts to release products outside the bloodstream onto target surfaces.
- Hormones interact with target cells differently based on their solubility (water or lipid soluble).
- Hormones have specific receptors which allow the hormone to bind and elicit a response.
- Examples of hormones, glands, and related biological processes are given within the text and should be studied individually.
- The hypothalamus and pituitary glands are key regulators within this system.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the Autonomic Nervous System and Somatic Nervous System. This quiz covers key differences, neuron involvement, and types of control. Challenge yourself and see how well you understand these essential components of human physiology!
