Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the two main components that make up the Central Nervous System (CNS)?
What are the two main components that make up the Central Nervous System (CNS)?
Brain and spinal cord
What is the role of Ependymal cells in the nervous system?
What is the role of Ependymal cells in the nervous system?
They help move cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) throughout the brain and spinal cord.
What is the function of Astrocytes in the nervous system?
What is the function of Astrocytes in the nervous system?
They form the blood-brain barrier.
What is the role of Microglia cells in the nervous system?
What is the role of Microglia cells in the nervous system?
What is the function of Oligodendrocytes in the nervous system?
What is the function of Oligodendrocytes in the nervous system?
Schwann cells perform the same function as Oligodendrocytes, but where are Schwann cells found?
Schwann cells perform the same function as Oligodendrocytes, but where are Schwann cells found?
What is the space between two neurons called?
What is the space between two neurons called?
What is the difference in Na and K concentrations in a polarized neuron?
What is the difference in Na and K concentrations in a polarized neuron?
What chemical is released from the axon terminal to send a signal to the next neuron?
What chemical is released from the axon terminal to send a signal to the next neuron?
Which part of the brainstem acts as a bridge to help transmit signals between the brain and the spinal cord?
Which part of the brainstem acts as a bridge to help transmit signals between the brain and the spinal cord?
What part of the brainstem controls essential life functions such as heart rate, breathing, and digestion?
What part of the brainstem controls essential life functions such as heart rate, breathing, and digestion?
What is the function of the Midbrain in the nervous system?
What is the function of the Midbrain in the nervous system?
What structure connects the left and right sides of the brain, allowing them to communicate with each other?
What structure connects the left and right sides of the brain, allowing them to communicate with each other?
What part of the brainstem is crucial for controlling basic functions like breathing and could stop those functions without it?
What part of the brainstem is crucial for controlling basic functions like breathing and could stop those functions without it?
What is the tissue structure responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
What is the tissue structure responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
What is the primary function of Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
What is the primary function of Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
What lobe of the brain is responsible for processing sound and speech?
What lobe of the brain is responsible for processing sound and speech?
What lobe of the brain is responsible for processing touch, pain, and temperature?
What lobe of the brain is responsible for processing touch, pain, and temperature?
Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for processing visual information?
Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for processing visual information?
What is the function of the Myelin sheath?
What is the function of the Myelin sheath?
Where is the Myelin sheath found in the nervous system?
Where is the Myelin sheath found in the nervous system?
What are the gaps in the Myelin sheath called?
What are the gaps in the Myelin sheath called?
Why do the signals "jump" across the Nodes of Ranvier?
Why do the signals "jump" across the Nodes of Ranvier?
Which type of neuron carries information to the CNS from the rest of the body?
Which type of neuron carries information to the CNS from the rest of the body?
Which type of neuron connects neurons within the CNS?
Which type of neuron connects neurons within the CNS?
Which type of neuron carries commands from the CNS to the muscles?
Which type of neuron carries commands from the CNS to the muscles?
What is the main function of the cell body of a neuron?
What is the main function of the cell body of a neuron?
What is the function of the Dendrites of a neuron?
What is the function of the Dendrites of a neuron?
What is the function of the Axon of a neuron?
What is the function of the Axon of a neuron?
What specifically are the Synaptic terminals responsible for releasing that allow the neuron to communicate with the next neuron?
What specifically are the Synaptic terminals responsible for releasing that allow the neuron to communicate with the next neuron?
What is the largest part of the brain responsible for higher-level functions like movement, thinking, and sensory perception?
What is the largest part of the brain responsible for higher-level functions like movement, thinking, and sensory perception?
What is the function of the Hypothalamus in the brain?
What is the function of the Hypothalamus in the brain?
The nervous system is divided into two main systems. One system is responsible for controlling voluntary actions, while the other system controls involuntary actions. What are these two systems called?
The nervous system is divided into two main systems. One system is responsible for controlling voluntary actions, while the other system controls involuntary actions. What are these two systems called?
What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is known as the "fight or flight" system, preparing the body for immediate action?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is known as the "fight or flight" system, preparing the body for immediate action?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is known as the "rest and digest" system, promoting relaxation and recovery?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is known as the "rest and digest" system, promoting relaxation and recovery?
What are the four main types of sensory receptors?
What are the four main types of sensory receptors?
What do Photoreceptors detect?
What do Photoreceptors detect?
What do Nociceptors detect?
What do Nociceptors detect?
Describe how sensory receptors are categorized.
Describe how sensory receptors are categorized.
When a sensory receptor is stimulated, what kind of chemical is released?
When a sensory receptor is stimulated, what kind of chemical is released?
What part of the ear is responsible for detecting sound?
What part of the ear is responsible for detecting sound?
What is the function of the Basilar membrane inside the cochlea?
What is the function of the Basilar membrane inside the cochlea?
What is the function of the Tectorial membrane in the cochlea?
What is the function of the Tectorial membrane in the cochlea?
What is the function of the hair cells, located within the cochlea?
What is the function of the hair cells, located within the cochlea?
What is the function of the Semicircular canals in the ear?
What is the function of the Semicircular canals in the ear?
What nerve carries the information about sound and balance from the semicircular canals and cochlea to the brain?
What nerve carries the information about sound and balance from the semicircular canals and cochlea to the brain?
What is the function of the Tympanic membrane in the middle ear?
What is the function of the Tympanic membrane in the middle ear?
What are the three bones located in the middle ear that are responsible for transmitting sound waves, starting with the first bone that is attached to the tympanic membrane?
What are the three bones located in the middle ear that are responsible for transmitting sound waves, starting with the first bone that is attached to the tympanic membrane?
What is the function of the Eustachian tube located within the middle ear?
What is the function of the Eustachian tube located within the middle ear?
What is the function of these structures: Pinna and Auditory Canal?
What is the function of these structures: Pinna and Auditory Canal?
What is the sequence of structures that sound vibrations travel through from the outer ear to the inner ear?
What is the sequence of structures that sound vibrations travel through from the outer ear to the inner ear?
Where in the ear are the hair cells located?
Where in the ear are the hair cells located?
What can damage the hair cells within the ear?
What can damage the hair cells within the ear?
What is the function of the Oval window in the ear?
What is the function of the Oval window in the ear?
Where in the ear are the saccule and utricle located?
Where in the ear are the saccule and utricle located?
What part of the ear is responsible for detecting head movement?
What part of the ear is responsible for detecting head movement?
What are the two main structures that protect the eye, with the outer layer providing a tough protective covering and the inner layer helping to focus light?
What are the two main structures that protect the eye, with the outer layer providing a tough protective covering and the inner layer helping to focus light?
What is the function of the Aqueous humor located within the eye?
What is the function of the Aqueous humor located within the eye?
What four structures make up the Choroid?
What four structures make up the Choroid?
What is the function of the Choroid?
What is the function of the Choroid?
What is the function of the Pupil?
What is the function of the Pupil?
What is the function of the Optic disc located within the eye?
What is the function of the Optic disc located within the eye?
What is the function of the Cones in the retina?
What is the function of the Cones in the retina?
Describe the sequence of how light travels through the eye to reach the Retina.
Describe the sequence of how light travels through the eye to reach the Retina.
What happens when light hits a photopigment?
What happens when light hits a photopigment?
What is the condition called when the lens of the eye loses flexibility with age, making it difficult to focus on nearby objects?
What is the condition called when the lens of the eye loses flexibility with age, making it difficult to focus on nearby objects?
What condition makes it difficult to see far objects, often due to the eye being too long?
What condition makes it difficult to see far objects, often due to the eye being too long?
What condition makes it difficult to see close objects, often due to the eye being too short?
What condition makes it difficult to see close objects, often due to the eye being too short?
What type of taste receptor responds to glutamate?
What type of taste receptor responds to glutamate?
How are odor molecules detected by the nose?
How are odor molecules detected by the nose?
What are the different types of taste that taste buds detect?
What are the different types of taste that taste buds detect?
What are the four main organs of the urinary system and their respective functions?
What are the four main organs of the urinary system and their respective functions?
What is the end product of the kidney filtration process?
What is the end product of the kidney filtration process?
What structures transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder?
What structures transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder?
What organ is responsible for converting ammonia into urea?
What organ is responsible for converting ammonia into urea?
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
What is the main function of the urinary bladder?
What is the main function of the urinary bladder?
What is the main function of the Ureters?
What is the main function of the Ureters?
How does Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) assist the urinary system?
How does Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) assist the urinary system?
Flashcards
What are the components of the CNS?
What are the components of the CNS?
The brain and spinal cord, the central control center of the nervous system.
What are neuroglia cells?
What are neuroglia cells?
Specialized cells that support and protect neurons.
What is the function of ependymal cells?
What is the function of ependymal cells?
Moves cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to keep it circulating and clean.
What is the function of astrocytes?
What is the function of astrocytes?
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What is the function of microglia?
What is the function of microglia?
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What is the function of oligodendrocytes?
What is the function of oligodendrocytes?
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What is the function of Schwann cells?
What is the function of Schwann cells?
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What is the space between two neurons called?
What is the space between two neurons called?
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Describe the Na+ and K+ concentration in a polarized neuron.
Describe the Na+ and K+ concentration in a polarized neuron.
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What chemical is released at the axon terminal?
What chemical is released at the axon terminal?
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What is the function of the pons?
What is the function of the pons?
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What is the function of the medulla oblongata?
What is the function of the medulla oblongata?
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What is the function of the midbrain?
What is the function of the midbrain?
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What structure connects the brain hemispheres?
What structure connects the brain hemispheres?
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What part of the brainstem controls vital functions?
What part of the brainstem controls vital functions?
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What produces CSF?
What produces CSF?
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What is the function of CSF?
What is the function of CSF?
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Which lobe contains the auditory area?
Which lobe contains the auditory area?
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Which lobe contains the sensory cortex?
Which lobe contains the sensory cortex?
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Which lobe contains the visual area?
Which lobe contains the visual area?
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What is the function of the myelin sheath?
What is the function of the myelin sheath?
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What is the function of Schwann cells?
What is the function of Schwann cells?
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What are nodes of Ranvier?
What are nodes of Ranvier?
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What are sensory neurons?
What are sensory neurons?
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What are interneurons?
What are interneurons?
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What are motor neurons?
What are motor neurons?
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What is the function of the cell body of a neuron?
What is the function of the cell body of a neuron?
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What is the function of dendrites of a neuron?
What is the function of dendrites of a neuron?
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What is the function of the axon of a neuron?
What is the function of the axon of a neuron?
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What is the function of synaptic terminals of a neuron?
What is the function of synaptic terminals of a neuron?
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What is the function of the cerebrum?
What is the function of the cerebrum?
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What is the function of the hypothalamus?
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
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What are the two systems of the nervous system?
What are the two systems of the nervous system?
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What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system?
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What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
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What are photoreceptors?
What are photoreceptors?
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What are chemoreceptors?
What are chemoreceptors?
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What are mechanoreceptors?
What are mechanoreceptors?
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What are nociceptors?
What are nociceptors?
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Study Notes
Nervous System
- The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord.
- The brain processes information and provides instructions.
- The spinal cord acts as a pathway for messages between the brain and the body.
- Ependymal cells move cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to maintain its consistency and cleanliness.
- CSF protects the brain and removes waste products.
- Astrocytes form the blood-brain barrier to prevent harmful substances in the blood from entering the brain.
- Microglia act as the brain's immune system by cleaning up germs and dead cells.
- Oligodendrocytes create myelin in the central nervous system (CNS) to insulate neurons and speed up electrical signals.
- Schwann cells perform the same function as oligodendrocytes but within the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
- The synaptic cleft is the space between neurons.
- Neurotransmitters allow signals to pass from one neuron to the next across the synaptic cleft.
- In a polarized neuron, sodium is higher outside, and potassium is higher inside, creating a charge that allows signals to be transmitted.
- Neurotransmitters are released at the axon terminal.
Brain Stem
- The pons connects the brain and spinal cord for communication.
- The medulla oblongata controls heart rate, breathing, and digestion.
- The midbrain is responsible for vision, hearing, and sleep reflexes.
- The corpus callosum connects the brain's left and right hemispheres.
- The medulla oblongata controls vital life-sustaining functions like breathing.
- The choroid plexus produces CSF (cerebrospinal fluid).
- CSF acts as a shock absorber and delivers essential chemicals to the brain.
Neurons
- Sensory neurons carry information to the central nervous system (CNS).
- Interneurons connect neurons within the CNS.
- Motor neurons carry instructions from the CNS to muscles.
- The cell body is the control center of a neuron.
- Dendrites receive signals from other neurons.
- Axons send signals to other neurons or muscles.
- Synaptic terminals release neurotransmitters to transmit signals.
- The cerebrum controls movement, thinking, and senses.
- The hypothalamus maintains homeostasis (balance), regulating things like temperature and hunger.
- The nervous system has somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary) divisions.
- Autonomic divisions include the sympathetic (fight-or-flight) and parasympathetic (rest-and-digest) systems.
Organs of Sense
- Photoreceptors detect light; chemoreceptors detect chemicals; mechanoreceptors detect pressure and vibration; nociceptors detect pain.
- Sensory receptors are grouped based on the type of stimulus they detect.
Ear Structure and Function
- The cochlea detects sound.
- The basilar membrane vibrates with sound.
- The tectorial membrane moves hair cells for hearing.
- Hair cells convert vibration into nerve signals.
- The semicircular canals detect balance and movement.
- The vestibulocochlear nerve carries sound and balance information to the brain.
- The tympanic membrane (eardrum) vibrates with sound.
- The malleus, incus, and stapes transmit vibrations.
- The eustachian tube equalizes ear pressure.
- The pinna (auricle) collects sound waves.
- The auditory canal directs sound to the eardrum.
Eye Structure and Function
- The sclera and cornea protect the eye and help focus light.
- The aqueous humor provides nutrients to the cornea and lens.
- The choroid supplies blood to the eye.
- The iris controls pupil size.
- The pupil lets light into the eye.
- The lens focuses light onto the retina.
- The vitreous humor maintains eye shape.
- The retina detects light; the fovea provides sharp vision; the optic disc is the blind spot.
- The cones detect color, and the rods detect dim light.
Smell and Taste
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Odor molecules bind to receptors in the nasal cavity for olfaction.
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Taste buds contain receptor cells that detect sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami tastes.
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Umami receptors detect glutamate.
Urinary System
- Kidneys filter blood to produce urine.
- Ureters transport urine to the bladder.
- The bladder stores urine.
- The urethra excretes urine.
- The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.
- The liver converts ammonia into urea.
- The renal pelvis is the kidney basin.
- The cortex and medulla are the kidney regions.
- Renal pyramids are triangular regions of the kidney.
- ADH conserves water in the kidneys.
Reproductive System
- Male reproductive organs include testes, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands, prostate, epididymis, vas deferens, scrotum, and seminiferous tubules.
- Female reproductive organs include ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina.
- Sperm is produced in the seminiferous tubules.
- Testosterone is a hormone for male traits.
- FSH and LH stimulate sperm and egg production.
- Spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, and spermatozoa are the stages of spermatogenesis.
- Estrogen is a feminizing hormone.
- Progesterone prepares the uterus for pregnancy.
- LH triggers ovulation and FSH stimulates follicles.
- Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tubes.
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