Exam 4 Review Sheet PDF
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Long Island University
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This document appears to be a review sheet or study guide for a biology exam, focusing on the nervous system. It includes questions, answers, and explanations of various key concepts related to the system, such as its components, functions of different cells, and signal transmission.
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EXAM 4 REVIEW SHEET. Nervous System 1. What are the components of the CNS? ○ Answer: Brain and spinal cord. ○ Why?: The CNS is like the body's control center. Thebrain processes information and gives instructions, while the spinal cord acts a...
EXAM 4 REVIEW SHEET. Nervous System 1. What are the components of the CNS? ○ Answer: Brain and spinal cord. ○ Why?: The CNS is like the body's control center. Thebrain processes information and gives instructions, while the spinal cord acts as a highway for messages traveling between the brain and the rest of the body. 2. Five neuroglia cells and their functions: ○ Ependymal cells: Move cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tokeep it consistent and clean. Why?: CSF protects the brain and removes waste, sokeeping it moving prevents buildup. ○ Astrocytes: Form the blood-brain barrier. Why?: This barrier prevents harmful substances inthe blood from entering the brain. ○ Microglia: Act like "cleaners" by removing germs anddead cells. Why?: The brain has no immune cells, so microgliaact as its defense system. ○ Oligodendrocytes: Make myelin in the CNS to insulateneurons. Why?: Myelin speeds up electrical signals, helpingthe CNS work faster. ○ Schwann cells: Do the same job as oligodendrocytesbut in the PNS. 3. What is the space between two neurons? ○ Answer: Synaptic cleft. ○ Why?: Neurons don't touch directly. The synaptic cleftallows neurotransmitters to jump from one neuron to the next. 4. Na and K concentrations in a polarized neuron: ○ Answer: Sodium is higher outside; potassium is higherinside. ○ Why?: This difference creates a charge (like a battery)that allows the neuron to send signals. 5. What chemical is released at the axon terminal? ○ Answer: Neurotransmitter. ○ Why?: Neurotransmitters are like messengers. They carry the signal from one neuron to the next. 6. Three parts of the brainstem and their functions: ○ Pons: Passes signals between the brain and spinalcord. Why?: It acts like a "bridge" for communication. ○ Medulla oblongata: Controls heart rate, breathing,and digestion. Why?: It manages automatic actions that keep you alive. ○ Midbrain: Handles vision, hearing, and sleep. Why?: It's involved in your reflexes and alertness. 7. Structure connecting brain hemispheres? ○ Answer: Corpus callosum. ○ Why?: It’s a bundle of nerve fibers that lets theleft and right sides of the brain talk to each other. 8. Part of the brainstem controlling vital functions? ○ Answer: Medulla oblongata. ○ Why?: Without it, basic functions like breathing wouldstop. 9. What produces CSF? ○ Answer: Choroid plexus. ○ Why?: This tissue filters blood to create the protectiveCSF. 10.Function of CSF? ○ Answer: Cushions the brain and provides nutrients. ○ Why?: It prevents injuries by acting like a "shockabsorber" and delivers essential chemicals to the brain. 11.Which lobe contains the auditory area? ○ Answer: Temporal lobe. ○ Why?: This part of the brain processes sounds andspeech. 12.Which lobe contains the sensory cortex? ○ Answer: Parietal lobe. ○ Why?: The sensory cortex interprets touch, pain, andtemperature. 13.Which lobe contains the visual area? ○ Answer: Occipital lobe. ○ Why?: It’s specialized for processing vision. 14.Functions of the myelin sheath, Schwann cells, and nodes of Ranvier: ○ Myelin sheath: Speeds up nerve signals and helps repairdamage. ○ Why?: It acts like insulation on a wire, keeping signals strong and fast. ○ Schwann cells: Create the myelin sheath in the PNS. ○ Nodes of Ranvier: Gaps in myelin that boost the signal'sspeed. Why?: Signals "jump" from node to node, making themfaster. 15.Three classifications of neurons (by function): ○ Sensory neurons: Carry info to the CNS. ○ Interneurons: Connect neurons within the CNS. ○ Motor neurons: Carry commands from the CNS to muscles. ○ Why?: These classifications describe the flow of informationin the nervous system. 16.Parts of a neuron and their functions: ○ Cell body: The "control center" of the neuron. ○ Dendrites: Receive signals from other neurons. ○ Axon: Sends signals to other neurons or muscles. ○ Synaptic terminals: Release neurotransmitters to passthe signal. ○ Why?: Each part has a specific role in transmittinginformation. 17.Function of the cerebrum? ○ Answer: Controls movement, thinking, and senses. ○ Why?: It’s the largest brain part, handling many complextasks. 18.Function of the hypothalamus? ○ Answer: Maintains homeostasis (balance). ○ Why?: It regulates things like body temperature andhunger. 19.Two systems of the nervous system: ○ Somatic: Controls voluntary actions. ○ Autonomic: Controls involuntary actions. ○ Why?: These divisions separate conscious actions (likemoving) from automatic ones (like breathing). 20.Autonomic nervous system divisions: ○ Sympathetic: Fight or flight. ○ Parasympathetic: Rest and digest. ○ Why?: The sympathetic system prepares you for danger,while the parasympathetic system helps you relax. Organs of Sense 22. What are photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, nociceptors? Photoreceptors:Detect light (e.g., eyes). Chemoreceptors:Detect chemicals (e.g., taste, smell). Mechanoreceptors:Detect pressure, vibration (e.g.,skin, ears). Nociceptors:Detect pain. 23. How are sensory receptors grouped? By the type of stimulus they detect (light, chemicals, temperature, etc.). 24. Receptor potentials cause ________ to be released from sensory receptors. Answer:Neurotransmitters. 25. Ear structures and their functions: Inner ear: ○ Cochlea:Detects sound. Basilar membrane:Vibrates with sound. Tectorial membrane:Moves hair cells for hearing. Hair cells:Convert vibration to nerve signals. ○ Semicircular canals:Detect balance/movement. ○ Vestibulocochlear nerve:Sends sound/balance infoto the brain. Middle ear: ○ Tympanic membrane:Vibrates with sound (eardrum). ○ Malleus (hammer):Transmits vibration. ○ Incus (anvil):Transmits vibration. ○ Stapes (stirrup):Transmits vibration to inner ear. ○ Eustachian tube:Equalizes ear pressure. Outer ear: ○ Pinna (auricle):Collects sound waves. ○ Auditory canal:Directs sound to eardrum. 26. Sequence of the ear structures (pathway of vibration): Answer:Outer ear → Tympanic membrane → Malleus →Incus → Stapes → Oval window → Cochlea → Hair cells. Hair cells location and loss: Found in cochlea; loud noises can damage them. Oval window location and function: Between middle and inner ear; transmits sound waves to cochlea. Saccules and utricles (location and stones): Found in the vestibule; contains otoliths (calcium stones) to detect gravity and linear movement. Part of the ear detecting head movement: Answer:Semicircular canals. 27. Eye structures and their function: Sclera/Cornea:Protect eye; cornea helps focus light. Aqueous humor:Provides nutrients to the cornea andlens. Choroid/Iris/Pupil/Lens: ○ Choroid: Supplies blood. ○ Iris: Controls pupil size. ○ Pupil: Lets light in. ○ Lens: Focuses light on retina. Vitreous humor:Maintains eye shape. Retina/Fovea/Optic disc: ○ Retina: Detects light. ○ Fovea: Sharpest vision (cones). ○ Optic disc: Blind spot where nerve exits. ○ Cones:Detect color. ○ Rods:Detect dim light. 28. Sequence of light through the eye: Cornea → Aqueous humor → Lens → Vitreous humor → Retina. 29. What happens when light hits a photopigment? Answer:Photopigments change shape, triggering nervesignals. 30. Why do parents/grandparents need reading glasses? Lens loses flexibility with age (presbyopia). 31. Nearsighted vs farsighted: Nearsighted:Can see close objects; eye too long. Farsighted:Can see far objects; eye too short. Smell and Taste 32. Which type of taste receptor responds to glutamate? Answer:Umami receptors. 33. How does the nose sense chemicals? Odor molecules bind to receptors in the nasal cavity. 34. Taste bud components and function: Taste buds contain receptor cells that detect sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami. Urinary System 1. Structures and their functions: Kidneys (filter blood), ureters (transport urine), bladder (stores urine), urethra (excretes urine). 2. End product of kidney function? Answer:Urine. 3. What transports urine? Answer:Ureters; from kidneys to bladder. 4. Which structure converts ammonia into urea? Answer:Liver. 5. Functional unit of the kidney? Answer:Nephron. 6. Function of the urinary bladder? Stores urine. 7. Function of the ureter? Transports urine to bladder. 8. Function of the kidney? Filters waste, regulates fluids/electrolytes. 9. Function of the urethra? Excretes urine. 10. How does ADH assist the urinary system? Conserves water in kidneys and regulates balance. 11. Common urine substances and origin: Urea (protein breakdown), salts, water. 12. Ball of capillaries in nephron? Answer:Glomerulus. 13. Cup-shaped structure in nephron? Answer:Bowman’s capsule. 14. 3 regions of renal tubule: Proximal tubule → Loop of Henle → Distal tubule. 15. Gland atop kidneys? Answer:Adrenal gland. 16. Outer kidney region? Answer:Cortex. 17. Inner kidney region? Answer:Medulla. 18. Kidney basin? Answer:Renal pelvis. 19. Kidney triangular tissue regions? Answer:Renal pyramids. 20. 3 major urinary system functions: Remove waste, regulate fluids, control blood pressure. 21. 3 steps of urine formation: Filtration → Reabsorption → Secretion exceration 22. How urinary system maintains blood pressure: RAAS:Renin triggers angiotensin to increase bloodpressure. 23. Response to hypoxia: Answer:Kidneys release erythropoietin (stimulatesred blood cell production). 24. Steps of blood filtration: 1. Blood enters nephron (renal artery). 2. Glomerulus filters blood. 3. Filtrate enters Bowman’s capsule. 4. Reabsorption occurs in tubules. 5. Filtrate passes through loop of Henle. 6. Filtrate exits via ureters. 7. Urine exits through urethra. Reproductive System 1. Primary sex organs: Males: Testes. Females: Ovaries. 2. Gender determination: Chromosomes (XX = female, XY = male). 3. Male reproductive organ functions: Seminal vesicle: Produces fluid for semen. Bulbourethral gland: Lubricates urethra. Prostate: Adds fluid to semen. Epididymis: Stores sperm. Duct Vas deferens: Transports sperm. Scrotum: Holds testes. seminiferous tubules :Sperm-producing testiculartubes spermatic cord: carries the sperm out of theTesticle's connecting tube. 4. Pathway of sperm: Testes → Epididymis → Vas deferens → Urethra → Ejaculation. 5. Most semen is produced by: Seminal vesicles. 6. Cells in seminiferous tubules: Sertoli cells (support) and spermatogenic cells. 7. Hormones for male traits: Testosterone. 8. FSH and LH roles: FSH: Stimulates sperm/egg production. LH: Stimulates testosterone/ovulation. 9. Steps of spermatogenesis: Spermatogonia → Spermatocytes → Spermatids → Spermatozoa. Spermatogonia: Stem cells start dividing Spermatocytes: Cells reduce chromosome number Spermatids: Immature sperm form Spermatozoa: Mature, motile sperm ready to fertilize 10. Energy for sperm movement: From fructose in seminal fluid. 11. Female reproductive organs: Ovaries (eggs, hormones), fallopian tubes (transport egg), uterus (develop fetus), cervix (birth canal entry), vagina (birth canal). 12. Fertilization site: Fallopian tubes. 13. Location of follicles: Ovaries. 14. Feminizing hormone: Estrogen. 15. Hormone acting on uterus: Progesterone. 16. Ovulation process: Release of an egg from the ovary. 17. Hormones and their functions: Estradiol: Develops female traits. Progesterone: Prepares uterus for pregnancy. LH: Triggers ovulation. FSH: Stimulates follicles.
