Podcast
Questions and Answers
Granule cells act as sensory neurons.
Granule cells act as sensory neurons.
False
The axon is usually branched distally into structures called synaptic knobs.
The axon is usually branched distally into structures called synaptic knobs.
True
Oligodendrocytes are a type of sensory neuron.
Oligodendrocytes are a type of sensory neuron.
False
Dendrites primarily function to receive signals from other neurons.
Dendrites primarily function to receive signals from other neurons.
Signup and view all the answers
Microglia are responsible for protecting neurons and are a type of supporting cell.
Microglia are responsible for protecting neurons and are a type of supporting cell.
Signup and view all the answers
The largest part of the brain is the cerebellum.
The largest part of the brain is the cerebellum.
Signup and view all the answers
The gray matter in the brain is located in the cortex, while the white matter is found in the subcortex.
The gray matter in the brain is located in the cortex, while the white matter is found in the subcortex.
Signup and view all the answers
The thalamus is located in the anterior part of the brain.
The thalamus is located in the anterior part of the brain.
Signup and view all the answers
The cerebellum is connected to the brain stem through the cerebellar peduncles.
The cerebellum is connected to the brain stem through the cerebellar peduncles.
Signup and view all the answers
The pineal gland is primarily located in the hypothalamus.
The pineal gland is primarily located in the hypothalamus.
Signup and view all the answers
The Central Nervous System (CNS) consists solely of the brain.
The Central Nervous System (CNS) consists solely of the brain.
Signup and view all the answers
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is responsible for carrying sensory information to the CNS.
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is responsible for carrying sensory information to the CNS.
Signup and view all the answers
The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is involved in voluntary muscle contractions.
The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is involved in voluntary muscle contractions.
Signup and view all the answers
Neurons are characterized by their properties of excitability and conductivity.
Neurons are characterized by their properties of excitability and conductivity.
Signup and view all the answers
Sensory receptors in the PNS provide information exclusively from the internal environment.
Sensory receptors in the PNS provide information exclusively from the internal environment.
Signup and view all the answers
The sympathetic nervous system is a division of the Autonomic Nervous System.
The sympathetic nervous system is a division of the Autonomic Nervous System.
Signup and view all the answers
Somatic nerves primarily affect glandular activity.
Somatic nerves primarily affect glandular activity.
Signup and view all the answers
Bipolar neurons have two distinct processes extending from the cell body.
Bipolar neurons have two distinct processes extending from the cell body.
Signup and view all the answers
The brain stem consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
The brain stem consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
Signup and view all the answers
The anterior surface of the midbrain features the medulla oblongata.
The anterior surface of the midbrain features the medulla oblongata.
Signup and view all the answers
The thalamus is part of the diencephalon.
The thalamus is part of the diencephalon.
Signup and view all the answers
There are 31 pairs of cranial nerves that arise from the spinal cord.
There are 31 pairs of cranial nerves that arise from the spinal cord.
Signup and view all the answers
The spinal cord ends at the L1 vertebral level.
The spinal cord ends at the L1 vertebral level.
Signup and view all the answers
The medulla oblongata features a median fissure, pyramids, and olive.
The medulla oblongata features a median fissure, pyramids, and olive.
Signup and view all the answers
The gray matter in the spinal cord is arranged in an H-shaped configuration.
The gray matter in the spinal cord is arranged in an H-shaped configuration.
Signup and view all the answers
The superior and inferior colliculi are involved in visual and auditory reflexes, respectively.
The superior and inferior colliculi are involved in visual and auditory reflexes, respectively.
Signup and view all the answers
The white matter is found in the center of the spinal cord, surrounding the gray matter.
The white matter is found in the center of the spinal cord, surrounding the gray matter.
Signup and view all the answers
The pons is located anterior to the medulla oblongata.
The pons is located anterior to the medulla oblongata.
Signup and view all the answers
The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for 'resting and digesting'.
The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for 'resting and digesting'.
Signup and view all the answers
Both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems can innervate the same target organs.
Both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems can innervate the same target organs.
Signup and view all the answers
Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system originate from the craniosacral region.
Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system originate from the craniosacral region.
Signup and view all the answers
The parasympathetic nervous system increases heart rate and blood pressure.
The parasympathetic nervous system increases heart rate and blood pressure.
Signup and view all the answers
Sympathetic chain ganglia are also known as paravertebral ganglia.
Sympathetic chain ganglia are also known as paravertebral ganglia.
Signup and view all the answers
The sympathetic nervous system inhibits peristalsis and closes the sphincters.
The sympathetic nervous system inhibits peristalsis and closes the sphincters.
Signup and view all the answers
Terminal ganglia are primarily responsible for the sympathetic nervous system's functions.
Terminal ganglia are primarily responsible for the sympathetic nervous system's functions.
Signup and view all the answers
The spinal meninges consist of three layers: dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater.
The spinal meninges consist of three layers: dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater.
Signup and view all the answers
The subarachnoid space contains nerve fibers.
The subarachnoid space contains nerve fibers.
Signup and view all the answers
Ascending tracts are responsible for carrying motor information.
Ascending tracts are responsible for carrying motor information.
Signup and view all the answers
Efferent nerve fibers are also known as afferent fibers.
Efferent nerve fibers are also known as afferent fibers.
Signup and view all the answers
Cranial nerves are classified as sensory, motor, or mixed nerves.
Cranial nerves are classified as sensory, motor, or mixed nerves.
Signup and view all the answers
There are 31 pairs of cranial nerves in the human body.
There are 31 pairs of cranial nerves in the human body.
Signup and view all the answers
The cauda equina is formed by the inferiorly running spinal nerve roots.
The cauda equina is formed by the inferiorly running spinal nerve roots.
Signup and view all the answers
Plexuses are formed by the posterior rami of spinal nerves.
Plexuses are formed by the posterior rami of spinal nerves.
Signup and view all the answers
Dorsal root ganglia contain motor neurons.
Dorsal root ganglia contain motor neurons.
Signup and view all the answers
The autonomic nervous system is a voluntary motor system for muscle control.
The autonomic nervous system is a voluntary motor system for muscle control.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Nervous System Overview
- The nervous system is responsible for coordinating sensory data and motor commands.
- It's roughly 2.5% of body mass.
- It's continuous with the spinal cord via the foramen magnum.
- Covered by meninges.
Nervous System Organization
-
Anatomically:
- Central nervous system (CNS): Brain and Spinal Cord
- Peripheral nervous system (PNS): Nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors
-
Functionally:
- Sensory/Afferent division: Sensory receptors bring information from internal/external environments to the CNS; subdivided into somatic (skin, muscle, bone, & joints), visceral (thoracic & abdominopelvic organs), and special (eye, ear, nose, & tongue)
- Motor/Efferent division: Carries motor commands from the CNS to effectors; subdivided into somatic nervous system (SNS) and autonomic nervous system (ANS)
- Somatic nervous system (SNS): Voluntary contraction of skeletal muscles
- Autonomic nervous system (ANS): Involuntary control of smooth & cardiac muscle & glands; subdivided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
Nervous Tissues - Neurons
- Properties: Excitability, Conductivity, Secretion
-
Classification (Anatomically):
- Unipolar/pseudounipolar
- Bipolar
- Multipolar
- Anaxonic
-
Classification (Functionally):
- Sensory neuron (afferent)
- Motor neuron (efferent)
- Interneurons
-
Structure of a Neuron:
- Cell body (soma): Nucleus, organelles (Nissl bodies, RER, mitochondria, Golgi complex), inclusions (melanin, lipofuscin), and cytoskeleton (microtubules, neurofibrils); responsible for protein synthesis.
- Dendrites: Short, branched cytoplasmic extensions; receive signals.
- Axon: Long, cylindrical projection; sends signals; includes the axon hillock, axoplasm and axolemma with synaptic knobs at the end of terminal arborization
-
Neuroglia (Supporting Cells):
- Function: Support and protect neurons
- Types: Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes, Microglia, Ependymal cells, Schwann cells, Satellite cells
Central Nervous System - Brain
-
General features:
- ~2.5% body-mass
- Continuous with the spinal cord at the foramen magnum
- Covered by meninges
- Parts: Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Diencephalon, Brainstem
- Brain Cavities: Lateral ventricles, Interventricular foramina, Third ventricle, Cerebral aqueduct, Fourth ventricle.
- Cross-section: Gray matter (cortex), White matter (subcortex)
- Cranial meninges: Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater
- Lobes: Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Insula (frontal lobe has central sulcus)
Central Nervous System - Spinal Cord
- Functions: Conduction, Integration, Reflexes
-
General features:
- Arises from brainstem
- Ends at L1
- 31 pairs of spinal nerves
- Cross section: Median sulcus, central canal, Gray matter (H-shaped with dorsal, lateral, and ventral horns), White matter (surrounding the gray matter in columns)
Central Nervous System - Spinal Tracts
- Ascending tracts: Sensory information from spinal cord to brain, using first-, second-, and third-order neurons.
- Descending tracts: Motor commands from brain to spinal cord, using upper and lower motor neurons; can be ipsilateral or contralateral as they decussate or don't.
Peripheral Nervous System
-
Nerves: Bundles of axons surrounded with connective tissues (endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium).
- Myelinated or unmyelinated
- Classification: Afferent/efferent, Somatic/visceral, General/specific
- Types: Spinal nerves, Cranial nerves
- Cranial Nerves: 12 pairs arising from the base of the brain, classified as sensory, motor, or mixed. Mnemonic to remember the cranial nerves exists
- Spinal Nerves : 31 pairs, arising from the spinal cord.
- Ganglia: Clusters of neuron cell bodies; include dorsal root ganglia, paravertebral ganglia, prevertebral ganglia, terminal ganglia.
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
-
General Features:
- Controls involuntary functions (e.g., heart rate, digestion)
- Involves two-neuron chain for most responses
- Subdivided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
-
Sympathetic: Prepares the body for energy-expenditure, "fight or flight" response, characterized by:
- Thoracolumbar origin
- Short preganglionic fibers, long postganglionic fibers
- Ganglia near or along vertebral column
-
Parasympathetic: Conserves and restores body energy, "rest and digest" response, characterized by:
- Craniosacral origin
- Long preganglionic fibers, short postganglionic fibers
- Ganglia are located near or on target organ
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the intricate details of the nervous system in this quiz, covering both its overall structure and functional divisions. Understand the roles of the central and peripheral nervous systems, and discover how sensory and motor commands are coordinated. Test your knowledge and deepen your understanding of this fundamental biological system.