Nervous System & Neurons: Structure and Function

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Which of the following accurately describes the roles of glial cells within the nervous system?

Releasing neurotransmitters and directing action potentials.
Forming the myelin sheath in the PNS and transmitting action potentials.
Insulating neurons, supplying nutrients, and destroying pathogens. (correct)
Providing structural support to bones and supplying nutrients.

In the central nervous system (CNS), what is the primary function of oligodendrocytes?

To form the myelin sheath around axons, providing insulation. (correct)
To act as specialized macrophages, clearing cellular debris.
To provide structural support and hold neurons in place.
To link neurons to their blood supply and form the blood-brain barrier.

Which of the following describes the primary distinction between nuclei and ganglia?

Nuclei contain channel proteins, while ganglia contain signaling proteins.
Nuclei are specialized macrophages, while ganglia provide insulation to neurons.
Nuclei are bundles of axons in the PNS, while ganglia are bundles of axons in the CNS.
Nuclei are clusters of cell bodies in the CNS, while ganglia are clusters of cell bodies in the PNS. (correct)

What role do astrocytes play in maintaining the environment of the central nervous system (CNS)?

Linking neurons to their blood supply and contributing to the blood-brain barrier. (D) Signup and view all the answers

If 'anterior' refers to the direction towards the nose, what does 'posterior' refer to in the context of brain anatomy?

Towards the spinal cord. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which structure's primary function is to receive input from other neurons and transmit it to the cell body?

Dendrites (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the myelin sheath in neuron function?

To facilitate the rapid transmission of electrical impulses (B) Signup and view all the answers

Where does neuronal protein synthesis primarily occur within a neuron?

Nucleus (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular component is primarily responsible for controlling the movement of substances into and out of the neuron?

Cell Membrane (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the terminal buttons in neuronal communication?

Sending signals to other neurons (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the synapse?

The space between two neurons where communication happen (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the neuron cell body?

Maintaining the neuron's structure and providing energy (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which structure within the neuron is primarily responsible for generating energy to drive cellular activities?

Mitochondria (A) Signup and view all the answers

How do neurons transmit information to other neurons?

By relaying electrical imoulses and chemical singals (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the neuron transmits electrical impulses away from the cell body?

Axon (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular component is primarily responsible for packaging proteins and lipids for transport within and outside the cell?

Golgi Complex (D) Signup and view all the answers

If a cell's ability to synthesize proteins is compromised, which organelle is most likely malfunctioning?

Ribosomes (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which class of neuron is predominantly found in the central nervous system (CNS) and is involved in interpreting complex functions like dreams and thoughts?

Multipolar Neuron (A) Signup and view all the answers

Synaptic vesicles play a crucial role in neurotransmission. Which specific function are they primarily responsible for?

Uptake, storage, and stimulus-dependent release of neurotransmitters. (B) Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is studying the transport of newly synthesized proteins within a cell. Which cellular structure would be of MOST interest to this researcher?

Microtubules (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuron is specialized for transmitting sensory information related to proprioception (body position and movement sense)?

Bipolar Neuron (A) Signup and view all the answers

A neuron with one process extending from its cell body is classified as which type?

Unipolar (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cytoplasm within a cell?

Composing the bulk of cellular material and providing a suspension medium for organelles. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular structure is directly responsible for ensuring that electrical impulses are not lost during transmission?

Endoplasmic Reticulum (D) Signup and view all the answers

If a drug interfered with the function of microtubules, which cellular process would be MOST directly affected?

Intracellular transport of substances (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which research area focuses on the direct manipulation of the brain to study neural mechanisms of behavior?

Physiological Psychology (B) Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is studying the impact of a new drug on cognitive functions such as memory and attention. Which area of biopsychology is most relevant to this research?

Psychopharmacology (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of afferent nerves in the somatic nervous system?

Transmitting sensory signals from the body to the CNS (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the nervous system is responsible for regulating the body's internal environment, such as heart rate and digestion?

Autonomic Nervous System (D) Signup and view all the answers

A patient has suffered damage to their brain, resulting in difficulty forming new memories but retaining memories from before the injury. This condition is most closely associated with which syndrome?

Korsakoff's Syndrome (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key distinction between biological and psychological regression?

Biological regression involves reversion due to physical trauma, while psychological regression involves reversion to earlier behaviors due to psychological trauma. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following BEST describes the focus of comparative psychology?

Comparing the behaviors of different species to understand evolution and genetics. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the arrangement of the meningeal layers from outermost to innermost?

Dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contribute to the protection of the brain?

By cushioning the brain and reducing the impact of sudden movements or trauma. (C) Signup and view all the answers

A patient is diagnosed with a condition affecting the blood-brain barrier. What potential consequence should the medical team be most concerned about?

Compromised ability to regulate the chemical environment within the brain. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the meninges?

Facilitating the exchange of nutrients between the brain and the bloodstream. (C) Signup and view all the answers

The subarachnoid space is critical for the central nervous system. What is its main function?

It contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) which cushions the brain. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In a scenario where a patient has a traumatic brain injury, which layer of protection is the first to absorb the impact?

The dura mater. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the blood-brain barrier's function in maintaining brain health?

It selectively restricts the entry of certain substances into the brain, protecting it from potentially harmful chemicals. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the cerebral ventricles and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

The cerebral ventricles are the chambers within the brain that contain CSF. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is most important for the blood-brain barrier in achieving its protective function?

The tight junctions between endothelial cells forming the capillary walls. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Nuclei

Bundled cell bodies in the CNS.

Schwann Cells

Glial cells in the PNS that insulate axons and assist regeneration.