Nervous System - Lecture 1 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of neurons in the nervous system?

  • To transmit signals throughout the body (correct)
  • To regulate blood flow to the brain
  • To produce myelin sheaths around axons
  • To provide structural support for the nervous system

    • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of neurons?

  • They use electrical and chemical signals
  • They are capable of dividing (correct)
  • They are excitable cells
  • They are responsible for cell-to-cell communication

    • What is the primary function of the spinal cord?

  • To relay information between the brain and the body (correct)
  • To regulate heart rate and blood pressure
  • To control the body's voluntary movements
  • To process sensory information from the environment

    • What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

    <p>Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two principal cell types in the nervous system?

    <p>Neurons and glial cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the central nervous system?

    <p>Nerves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From the provided content, what is the name of the textbook recommended for the course?

    <p>Human Physiology 16th Edition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From the list of uploaded quizzes and assignments, which one is a bonus assignment?

    <p>Bonus Quiz Nervous System (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the abbreviation "SB" stand for in "SB Neuronal Signaling" from the list of assignments?

    <p>Smart Book (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The provided content mentions a course called "PHCL2610", what is it likely to be about?

    <p>Pharmacology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron is responsible for carrying information from the CNS to effector cells like muscles and glands?

    <p>Motor neuron (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the myelin sheath?

    <p>To facilitate the rapid conduction of nerve impulses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of glial cell found in the central nervous system (CNS)?

    <p>Schwann cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of axonal transport is responsible for moving recycled membrane vesicles from the axon terminal to the soma?

    <p>Retrograde transport (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of astrocytes?

    <p>Regulation of the blood-brain barrier (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the type of neuron with a single axon and one main dendrite.

    <p>Bipolar neuron (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the blood-brain barrier important?

    <p>It protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of glial cell is responsible for myelinating axons in the CNS?

    <p>Oligodendrocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between myelinated and unmyelinated axons?

    <p>Myelinated axons conduct nerve impulses faster than unmyelinated axons. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the neurilemma?

    <p>To provide support and protection to the axon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Neuroglia

    Non-neural cells that support neurons; outnumber neurons.

    Multipolar Neurons

    Neurons with several dendrites and one long axon, common in motors.

    Bipolar Neurons

    Neurons with one main dendrite and one axon, found in sensory organs.

    Unipolar Neurons

    Neurons with a cell body off to the side and an axon divided into two branches.

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    Sensory Neurons

    Carry impulses from tissues to CNS; mostly unipolar.

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    Motor Neurons

    Carry information away from CNS to muscles and glands; multipolar.

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    Interneurons

    Connect sensory and motor neurons in the CNS; generally multipolar.

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    Anterograde Transport

    Movement from soma to axon terminal; delivers nutrients and organelles.

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    Retrograde Transport

    Movement from axon terminal back to soma; recycles membranes and substances.

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    Myelin Sheath

    Insulating layer around axons, made of lipids and proteins, speeds up impulses.

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    Nervous System

    The system that controls body functions through the brain and spinal cord.

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    Central Nervous System (CNS)

    Comprises the brain and spinal cord; controls bodily functions.

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    Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

    Connects the CNS to muscles, glands, and organs.

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    Neurons

    Functional units of the nervous system that communicate using electrical signals.

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    Excitable Cells

    Cells that can transmit electrical and chemical signals.

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    Cell Communication

    The process of neurons transmitting signals to each other.

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    Neuro Tissue

    Tissue in the nervous system comprised of neurons and glial cells.

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    Brain

    The control center of the nervous system that regulates all body functions.

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    Spinal Cord

    A part of the CNS that transmits signals from the brain to the body.

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    Myelination

    The process of forming a myelin sheath around neurons to speed up signal transmission.

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    Study Notes

    Lecture 1: Nervous System

    • The nervous system has two major divisions: central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).
    • The CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord.
    • The brain controls all bodily functions.
    • The spinal cord has nerves branching out to organs and body parts.
    • The PNS consists of nerves connecting the brain or spinal cord to the body's muscles, glands, sense organs, and tissues.
    • The nervous system uses specialized cells called neurons to facilitate communication.

    Lecture 1 Topics

    • Topics covered in the lecture include the nervous system, cell types of the nervous system, and myelination of axons.
    • Lecture resources from Vander's Human Physiology 16th Edition, Copyright 2023, Chapter 6, Section A: Cells of Nervous System are used.

    Uploaded Quizzes and Assignments for Module 1

    • Study materials for Module 1 include: Neuronal Signaling (1/27/25), Nervous System (2/3/25), Neuron Connect Quiz (2/3/25), Neuron BB Quiz 1 (2/3/25), Bonus Quiz: Nervous System (2/6/25), Bonus Orientation Video (2/17/25), and Bonus SmartBook Video (2/17/25).

    Cell Types in the Nervous Tissue

    • Two main cell types in the nervous system: neurons and neuroglia (glial cells).
    • Neurons are functional units for communication. They use electrical and chemical signals to send messages. Neurons do not divide.
    • Neuroglia are non-neural cells that surround neurons. They outnumber neurons, provide support, nourishment and protection, and can divide.

    Parts of a Neuron and Their Functions

    • Dendrites: Branched outgrowths that receive incoming information from other neurons.
    • Cell body (soma): Contains the nucleus and ribosomes; vital for protein synthesis.
    • Axon hillock: Initial segment that originates from the cell body initiating nerve impulses and the generation of action potentials.
    • Axon: Long process that extends from the cell body, conveying outgoing signals to target cells. Axons may have branches called axon collaterals.
    • Axon terminals: Ends of axons that release neurotransmitters at synapses (junctions) for communication between cells.

    Types of Neurons

    • Neurons are classified based on structure and function.
    • Structural classification: Categorized based on the number of processes extending from the cell body. Examples include multipolar neurons, bipolar neurons, and unipolar neurons.
    • Functional classification: Based on the direction of the nerve impulse relative to the central nervous system (CNS). Examples include sensory (afferent) neurons, motor (efferent) neurons, and interneurons.

    Structural Classification of Neurons

    • Multipolar: Multiple dendrites and one axon (e.g., motor neurons, neurons in brain and spinal cord).
    • Bipolar: One axon and one dendrite (e.g., sensory neurons in eyes, ears, and nose).
    • Unipolar: One axon with the cell body off to one side (e.g., most sensory neurons in skin, muscles, joints, and internal organs).

    Functional Classification of Neurons

    • Sensory (afferent): Convey information from tissues and organs to the CNS. Mostly unipolar.
    • Motor (efferent): Convey information away from the CNS to effector cells (e.g., muscles, glands). Mostly multipolar.
    • Interneurons: Connect sensory and motor neurons within the CNS. Mostly multipolar.

    Axonal Transport

    • Crucial for maintaining neuronal structure and function.
    • Transports cargo between the soma (cell body) and the axon terminal.
    • Two types of axonal transport:
      • Anterograde transport: Moves material from the soma to the axon terminal (e.g., enzymes, mitochondria, neurotransmitters). Uses kinesin protein.
      • Retrograde transport: Moves material from the axon terminal to the soma (e.g., nerve growth factor, toxins, viruses). Uses dynein protein.

    Glial Cells or Neuroglias

    • Support cells in the nervous system.
    • Surround axons and/or dendrites.
    • Provide physical and metabolic support to neurons, and can divide forming tumors (gliomas).
    • Different types found in the CNS and PNS.
    • Functions include blood brain barrier and myelin formation.

    Glial Cells in PNS

    • Two glial cell types: satellite cells and Schwann cells.
    • Satellite cells: Surround neuron cell bodies; regulate O2, CO2, nutrient and neurotransmitter levels.
    • Schwann cells: Surround axons in the PNS; responsible for myelination of peripheral axons; aid in the repair process after injury.

    Glial Cells in CNS

    • Four glial cell types in the CNS: oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells.
    • Oligodendrocytes: Myelinate axons in the CNS.
    • Astrocytes: Maintain blood-brain barrier; provide structural support; regulate ion, nutrient, and dissolved gas concentrations in the CNS; absorb and recycle neurotransmitters; and form scar tissue after injury.
    • Microglia: Remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis.
    • Ependymal cells: Line ventricles and central canal (spinal cord); assist in producing, circulating, and monitoring cerebrospinal fluid.

    Astrocytes: Blood-Brain Barrier

    • Astrocytes form the blood-brain barrier which is a semi-permeable barrier composed of brain blood vessels.
    • Protects the brain from harmful substances, germs and other substances in the blood that may damage brain tissue.
    • Astrocyte processes stimulate the formation of tight junctions that create a barrier between cells

    Myelination or Formation of Myelin Sheath

    • Myelin sheaths protect many neurons' axons and increase nerve impulse speed.
    • Myelin sheath mostly consists of lipids and water.
    • Formed by oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS.

    Myelination in PNS by Schwann Cells

    • Schwann cells myelinate segments of PNS axons forming myelin sheath.
    • Schwann cells wrap around axons.
    • The myelin sheath is the inner portion and the neurilemma is the outer portion.

    Myelination in CNS by Oligodendrocytes

    • Each oligodendrocyte forms myelin sheath around several axons.
    • Oligodendrocyte cell bodies do not surround the axons.
    • Tip of processes are involved in myelin sheath formation and synthesis of large amounts of plasma membrane.

    Node of Ranvier in Myelinated Axons

    • Periodic gaps in the myelin sheath create nodes of Ranvier.
    • Spaces between adjacent myelin sections.
    • Facilitates the rapid conduction of nerve impulses through saltatory conduction. Electrical impulses "hop" between nodes.

    Unmyelinated Axons in PNS

    • Unmyelinated axons are not protected by the myelin sheath.
    • Axons are thinner and conduct nerve impulses at a low speed.
    • Schwann cells wrap thinly around unmyelinated axons without forming a full myelin sheath.

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    Lecture 1 PHCL2610 Nervous System PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the major divisions of the nervous system, including the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). It also addresses the roles of neurons and the structure of the nervous system as discussed in Vander's Human Physiology. Test your understanding of these foundational concepts in neuroscience.

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