Nervous System Overview Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What type of muscle does the somatic nervous system innervate?

Smooth muscle

Glandular tissue

Skeletal muscle (correct)

Cardiac muscle

How many neurons are involved in the autonomic nervous system?

One neuron system

Two neuron system (correct)

Three neuron system

None of the above

What is a characteristic of somatic motor neurons?

They are always myelinated (correct)

They are unmyelinated

They can target cardiac muscle directly

They release neurotransmitters that can inhibit muscle contraction

Where are the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons located?

In the brain stem or lateral horn of the spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

What type of response can somatic motor neurons cause?

Excitatory response only Signup and view all the answers

What kind of muscle do autonomic nerves primarily influence?

Cardiac and smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the postganglionic neuron in the autonomic nervous system?

It is always unmyelinated Signup and view all the answers

What type of sensations does the somatic division of the nervous system respond to?

Consciously perceived sensations Signup and view all the answers

What are the two primary divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Signup and view all the answers

What process allows the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions to regulate the same organs?

Dual innervation Signup and view all the answers

What role does the autonomic nervous system play in relation to homeostasis?

It manages reflex loops to sense and respond to organ function. Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system is responsible for transmitting action potentials to effector organs?

Motor division Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle is influenced by the autonomic nervous system?

Both B and C Signup and view all the answers

How does the autonomic nervous system primarily function to regulate body systems?

Through chemical neurotransmitters and specialized receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is associated with the 'fight or flight' response?

Sympathetic nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What does the afferent division of the peripheral nervous system do?

Transmits action potentials from the periphery to the central nervous system. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the specialized cells in the adrenal medulla?

To release hormones into the blood Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is NOT associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?

Optic nerve Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pelvic splanchnic nerves?

To supply the colon and reproductive organs Signup and view all the answers

The terminal ganglia in the parasympathetic nervous system are typically located where in relation to their target tissues?

Close to the effector tissues Signup and view all the answers

What neurotransmitters do the neurons in the autonomic nervous system typically release?

Acetylcholine and norepinephrine Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is responsible for stimulating the glands for tears and salivation?

Cranial nerve seven Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary target tissue for the splanchnic nerve?

Abdominal pelvic organs Signup and view all the answers

The cell bodies for the parasympathetic nervous system are located in which regions?

Cranial nuclei and sacral region Signup and view all the answers

Which adrenergic receptors typically cause excitation?

A1 and B1 Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptors are found on postganglionic neurons in the autonomic nervous system?

Nicotinic receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor is associated with inhibitory responses in the sympathetic nervous system?

A2 receptors Signup and view all the answers

In which system are muscarinic receptors primarily found?

Parasympathetic nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What neurotransmitter is released by postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system?

Norepinephrine Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about myelination in the autonomic nervous system is correct?

All preganglionic neurons are myelinated. Signup and view all the answers

What role do autonomic reflexes play in the body?

Creating direct links between sensory input and motor responses Signup and view all the answers

Where can adrenergic receptors be found?

Both in the sympathetic nervous system and some tissues of the parasympathetic system Signup and view all the answers

What role do baroreceptors play in the autonomic reflexes related to blood pressure?

They detect stretch and changes in blood pressure. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to heart rate when blood pressure increases and is detected by baroreceptors?

Heart rate decreases due to vagus nerve activation. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when the firing rate of the glossopharyngeal nerve decreases?

Sympathetic activity is initiated. Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is released by the postganglionic neuron in the sympathetic response to low blood pressure?

Norepinephrine Signup and view all the answers

What is the general effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the heart?

Increases heart rate and enhances contraction strength. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about dual innervation is true?

Most organs receive both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers. Signup and view all the answers

How does the body regulate blood pressure through baroreceptors?

By changing heart rate and vessel diameter. Signup and view all the answers

Which is a key function of the vagus nerve in the context of blood pressure regulation?

Acts as a parasympathetic preganglionic neuron. Signup and view all the answers

What is typically true of tissues with dual innervation?

The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems usually have opposite effects. Signup and view all the answers

Which response is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?

Stimulated smooth muscle contraction in the small intestine. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'sludd responses' refer to?

Processes related to rest and digest functions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the sympathetic nervous system?

It usually has a localized effect. Signup and view all the answers

In terms of duration, how do the responses of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems differ?

Sympathetic responses last longer due to circulating hormones. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on heart rate?

Decreases heart rate. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the sympathetic nervous system during emergencies?

Dominates in states of embarrassment and excitement. Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily associated with the sympathetic nervous system's general response?

Adrenaline Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Autonomic Nervous System

The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion.
It's organized into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
The sympathetic system prepares the body for stress (fight-or-flight response).
The parasympathetic system calms the body (rest-and-digest response).

Sympathetic Nervous System (Thoracicolumbar Division)

Originates from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.
Uses two-neuron pathways: preganglionic and postganglionic neurons.
Preganglionic neurons are short, and synapse in ganglia near the spinal cord.
Postganglionic neurons are long, extending to target organs.
Neurotransmitter for preganglionic neurons is acetylcholine, and postganglionic is norepinephrine(mostly).
Four main pathways for axons leaving the spinal cord: synapse in the chain ganglion, travel up or down the chain, travel to collateral ganglion, or go directly to the adrenal medulla.
The adrenal medulla releases hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) into the blood.

Parasympathetic Nervous System (Craniosacral Division)

Originates from brain stem (cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, and 10) and sacral spinal cord segments.
Uses two-neuron pathways: preganglionic and postganglionic neurons.
Preganglionic neurons are long, and synapse in ganglia near the target organs.
Postganglionic neurons are short.
Neurotransmitter for both pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic neurons is acetylcholine.
Synapses with target tissue close to the effector.

Enteric Nervous System

Network of neurons in the walls of the digestive tract.
Can control digestive system independently of the central nervous system.
Three types of enteric neurons (sensory, motor, and interneurons.)
This is a separate division that is often associated with the autonomic system.

Neurotransmitters and Receptors

Acetylcholine is a cholinergic neurotransmitter.
Norepinephrine is an adrenergic neurotransmitter.
Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors for acetylcholine.
Alpha and beta receptors for norepinephrine/epinephrine.

Autonomic Reflexes

Autonomic reflexes are involuntary responses that maintain homeostasis.
Baroreceptors in the walls of major arteries are an example that monitor and regulate blood pressure.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the somatic and autonomic nervous systems, including their functions, neuron types, and muscle innervation. This quiz covers essential concepts related to how these systems operate and their role in homeostasis.