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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of afferent neurons in the nervous system?
What is the primary role of afferent neurons in the nervous system?
Which part of the nervous system is involved in voluntary control of skeletal muscles?
Which part of the nervous system is involved in voluntary control of skeletal muscles?
Which subdivision of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses?
Which subdivision of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses?
What defines a nerve in relation to the nervous system?
What defines a nerve in relation to the nervous system?
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What is one of the main functions of glial cells in the nervous system?
What is one of the main functions of glial cells in the nervous system?
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What is the main function of the dorsal horns of the spinal cord?
What is the main function of the dorsal horns of the spinal cord?
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Which type of reflex involves only one synapse between sensory and motor neurons?
Which type of reflex involves only one synapse between sensory and motor neurons?
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What is the primary role of the autonomic nervous system?
What is the primary role of the autonomic nervous system?
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Which division of the autonomic nervous system is primarily associated with the 'fight or flight' response?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is primarily associated with the 'fight or flight' response?
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What structure is referred to as the 'Cauda Equina'?
What structure is referred to as the 'Cauda Equina'?
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What is the main role of dendrites in neuron anatomy?
What is the main role of dendrites in neuron anatomy?
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Which type of neuron is primarily involved in sending information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system?
Which type of neuron is primarily involved in sending information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system?
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What is the function of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system?
What is the function of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system?
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What happens during depolarization in an action potential?
What happens during depolarization in an action potential?
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Which glial cell type is involved in the production of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)?
Which glial cell type is involved in the production of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)?
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What causes an Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potential (EPSP) in a neuron?
What causes an Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potential (EPSP) in a neuron?
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Which statement correctly describes the threshold level for action potentials?
Which statement correctly describes the threshold level for action potentials?
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What characterizes graded potentials?
What characterizes graded potentials?
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Which of the following accurately describes a graded potential?
Which of the following accurately describes a graded potential?
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What role does serotonin play in the body?
What role does serotonin play in the body?
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What mechanism allows multiple graded potentials to combine at a single location over time?
What mechanism allows multiple graded potentials to combine at a single location over time?
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Which type of neuron connects sensory neurons to motor neurons in the CNS?
Which type of neuron connects sensory neurons to motor neurons in the CNS?
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Which of the following neurotransmitters can be classified as a catecholamine?
Which of the following neurotransmitters can be classified as a catecholamine?
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Where in the neuron do graded potentials primarily occur?
Where in the neuron do graded potentials primarily occur?
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What is the main difference between an action potential and a graded potential in terms of distance traveled?
What is the main difference between an action potential and a graded potential in terms of distance traveled?
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What is the primary function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
What is the primary function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
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What is the role of the hypothalamus within the diencephalon?
What is the role of the hypothalamus within the diencephalon?
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Which statement about the synapse is correct?
Which statement about the synapse is correct?
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What are the three layers of membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord called?
What are the three layers of membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord called?
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What happens when the Threshold Potential is reached at the axon hillock?
What happens when the Threshold Potential is reached at the axon hillock?
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Which of the following distinguishes action potentials from graded potentials in terms of direction?
Which of the following distinguishes action potentials from graded potentials in terms of direction?
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Which enzyme is responsible for degrading biogenic amine neurotransmitters?
Which enzyme is responsible for degrading biogenic amine neurotransmitters?
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What condition is characterized by the inflammation of the meninges?
What condition is characterized by the inflammation of the meninges?
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What is the primary function of the Dura mater in the meninges?
What is the primary function of the Dura mater in the meninges?
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What is the primary function of the medulla oblongata?
What is the primary function of the medulla oblongata?
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Which structures are involved in emotions, memory, and social interactions within the subcortical region?
Which structures are involved in emotions, memory, and social interactions within the subcortical region?
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Which lobe of the cerebrum is primarily responsible for language comprehension?
Which lobe of the cerebrum is primarily responsible for language comprehension?
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What function is attributed to the limbic system?
What function is attributed to the limbic system?
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What role does the cerebellum play in motor control?
What role does the cerebellum play in motor control?
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Study Notes
Nervous System Functions
- Detecting sensory stimuli
- Analyzing and integrating sensory information
- Responding to internal and external stimuli
- Regulating organ systems (homeostasis)
- Reflexes: rapid, unconscious responses to stimuli
- Learning, memory, and emotions
Nervous System Organization
- Two main divisions: Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- CNS: Composed of the brain and spinal cord; integrates information and decides on responses
- PNS: Composed of nerves connecting the brain or spinal cord to muscles, glands, and sense organs.
- Somatic Nervous System: Voluntary control of skeletal muscles
- Autonomic Nervous System: Involuntary control of smooth and cardiac muscle and glands.
- Sympathetic: "Fight or Flight"
- Parasympathetic: "Rest and Digest"
- Afferent neurons: Signals from peripheral receptors to the CNS
- Efferent neurons: Signals from the CNS to skeletal muscle fibers
Definitions
- Neuron: A single nerve cell, the functional unit of the nervous system
- Nerve: Contains thousands of neurons connecting with specific tissues
- Glial cells: Support neurons in the CNS and PNS
- Plexus: A network of nerves, providing redundancy
- Ganglion: Group of cell bodies in a sensory nerve (e.g., dorsal root ganglion)
- Sensory receptors: Detect specific sensory stimuli
Neuron Anatomy
- Cell body: Contains the nucleus and ribosomes
- Dendrites: Receive signals, increasing cell surface area
- Axon and collaterals: Transmit electrical activity, starting from the axon hillock and moving towards axon terminals
- Axon terminal: Releases neurotransmitters, connecting to other neurons or muscle
Structural and Functional Classification of Neurons
- Motor neurons: Send information to skeletal, smooth, or cardiac muscle (efferent)
- Sensory neurons: Send information from receptors to CNS (afferent)
- Multipolar: Found in many areas
- Unipolar: In ear, retina, olfactory area of brain
- Bipolar: In ear, retina, olfactory area of brain
- Interneurons: Short connecting neurons in the CNS
Glial Cells of the CNS
- Astrocytes: Regulate what enters a CNS neuron, regulate the external environment, and guide neuron growth
- Microglia: Store glycogen, are phagocytic immune cells, and can migrate to infected areas/engulf pathogens and dead cells
- Ependymal cells: Involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in brain ventricles
- Oligodendrocytes: Make up myelin, protect, and insulate axons
Action Potentials and Graded Potentials
- Resting membrane potential: Approximately -70mV, maintained by the Na+/K+ pump
- Threshold level: -55mV (triggered by a stimulus)
- Depolarization: Positively charged Na+ ions move into the cell (making it less negative, about +30mV)
- Repolarization: K+ ions leave the cell, restoring the membrane potential to -70mV
- Hyperpolarization: Excess K+ ions leave the cell; membrane charge becomes more negative than -70mV (-80mV)
- Graded potentials: Small changes in a neuron's electrical potential, varying in magnitude
- Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potential (EPSP): Caused by Na+ ions entering the cell, depolarizing the membrane, and exciting the neuron
- Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potential (IPSP): Caused by K+ ions leaving and Cl+ ions entering the cell, hyperpolarizing the membrane and inhibiting the neuron
- Temporal summation: Graded potentials at the same location over time
- Spatial summation: Graded potentials at multiple locations at the same time
Communication Between Neurons and Between Neurons and Muscle Cells
- Synapse: Space between the pre-synaptic neuron and the post-synaptic neuron or muscle cell
- Neurotransmitters: Produced and stored in vesicles; released when an action potential arrives, diffusing across the synaptic cleft and binding to receptor proteins on the post-synaptic membrane causing EPSP and IPSP
- Acetylcholine (ACh): Found in PNS and CNS; important for learning, memory and the only neurotransmitter that causes skeletal muscle contraction
- Serotonin: Related to mood; produces feelings of contentment and low levels associated with depression
- Dopamine: Helps with concentration; plays a role in the reward pathway, and contributes to addictive behaviors
- Amine neurotransmitters: Made from Tyrosine (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) Tryptophan (serotonin, melatonin); Histidine (histamine)
- MAO: Enzymes that degrade biogenic amine neurotransmitters
Brain Structure and Meninges
- Brain meninges: Three layers of membranes (dura mater (outermost), arachnoid mater, pia mater (innermost)) protecting the brain and spinal cord
- Functions include covering and protecting the CNS; protecting blood vessels and enclosing venous sinuses; containing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- Meningitis: Serious inflammation of the meninges, caused by bacteria or viruses
- Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): Extracellular fluid of the CNS
- Cushions and protects the brain and spinal cord. Provides nutrients to the brain and spinal cord. Removes waste products
- Diencephalon: Thalamus(integrating center for sensory input), hypothalamus (regulates survival behaviors), and the pineal gland (regulates biological rhythms)
- Brainstem: Midbrain(consciousness and sleep), Pons (relays information), and Medulla Oblongata (respiration, heart rate)
- Cerebellum: Coordinates smooth muscle movements, including walking and dancing
Cerebrum, Limbic system, Spinal Cord
- Cerebrum: Involved in learning muscle movements, (muscle memory) and fine motor control
- Cerebral cortex: Outer layer of the cerebrum
- Subcortical region: includes Basal nuclei, Amygdala, Caudate nucleus, and Corpus callosum
- Limbic System: Major role in the emotions, learning, memory, and social interactions
- Closely linked to the sense of smell
- Involved in primitive reactions (anger, sadness)
- Hippocampus: Location of long-term memory
- Frontal Lobe: Motor cortex; planning movements; higher thinking, decision making, and self-control
- Parietal lobe: Sensory cortex; spatial relationships; number and letter recognition
- Temporal Lobe: Auditory cortex; language comprehension, memory for names and sounds
- Occipital Lobe: Visual cortex; object recognition and motion perception
- Spinal cord: Located within the vertebral column (vertebral foramen). Contains gray and white matter; dorsal and ventral horns
Reflexes and Pain Treatment
- Reflexes: Rapid, involuntary responses to stimuli
- Monosynaptic Reflex: One synapse between sensory and motor neurons (knee-jerk reflex)
- Polysynaptic Reflex: More than one synapse (withdrawal reflex)
- Learned Reflexes: Acquired through learning and involve the brain (e.g., riding a bike)
- Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Involuntary control of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
- Sympathetic NS: "Fight or flight" response
- Parasympathetic NS: "Rest and digest" response
- Chronic Pain Treatment: Nerve blocks, nerve ablation, and cranial nerve (12 pairs)
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Description
Explore the intricate functions and organization of the nervous system in this quiz. Learn about the sensory detection, the central and peripheral nervous systems, and the roles of various subdivisions. This quiz covers key concepts essential for understanding neural processes.
