Nervous System Damage Causes Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which type of neuron is primarily responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movements?

  • Motor Nerves (correct)
  • Autonomic Nerves
  • Sensory Nerves
  • Interneurons

    • What is neuroma associated with?

  • Normal nerve regeneration
  • Complete nerve detachment
  • Surgical intervention for pain (correct)
  • Temporary symptom relief

    • Which component of the nervous system is responsible for processing sensory information?

  • Central Nervous System (correct)
  • Somatic Nervous System
  • Autonomic Nervous System
  • Peripheral Nervous System

    • What type of nerve injury is characterized by the complete detachment of a nerve root from the spinal cord?

    <p>Nerve Avulsion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a category of vulnerabilities in the nervous system?

    <p>Hyperactivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the neuron is primarily involved in sending signals to other cells?

    <p>Axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood flow disruption in the nervous system can lead to which type of damage?

    <p>Degeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the autonomic nervous system play in the body?

    <p>Regulates involuntary bodily functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary complication of spinal cord injuries?

    <p>Scar tissue formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom of peripheral neuropathy?

    <p>Burning sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is known to cause motor dysfunction due to dopamine deficiency?

    <p>Parkinson’s Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tumors is the most common primary brain tumor?

    <p>Meningioma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of acid-base imbalance is primarily caused by CO₂ retention due to hypoventilation?

    <p>Respiratory Acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system?

    <p>To balance bicarbonate and carbonic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is associated with metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Kussmaul breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is an example of a central nervous system infection?

    <p>Bacterial meningitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is responsible for slow-acting regulation of acid-base balance?

    <p>Renal System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of Guillain-Barré Syndrome?

    <p>Peripheral nerve impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a lumbar puncture primarily test for?

    <p>Meningitis or encephalitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of acid-base imbalance is caused by excessive bicarbonate loss?

    <p>Metabolic Alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are amyloid deposits often associated with in degenerative disorders?

    <p>Decreased nerve function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis primarily assess?

    <p>Acidity and alkalinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition does the pH return to normal while PaCO₂ and HCO₃⁻ levels remain abnormal?

    <p>Full Compensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom associated with Metabolic Acidosis?

    <p>Rapid, deep breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does aldosterone play in fluid balance?

    <p>Increases sodium and water retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fluid imbalance is characterized by increased capillary hydrostatic pressure?

    <p>Hypervolemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of acid-base imbalance involves elevated pH alongside high levels of PaCO₂ and HCO₃⁻?

    <p>Fully Compensated Metabolic Alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the measurement of solute concentration in a solution?

    <p>Osmolality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with Respiratory Alkalosis?

    <p>Confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of extracellular fluid (ECF)?

    <p>Transports nutrients and removes waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is typically a cause of hypovolemia?

    <p>Excessive sweating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes lymphedema?

    <p>Localized swelling due to impaired lymph drainage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which autoimmune disorder involves damage to myelin within the central nervous system?

    <p>Multiple Sclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organ(s) is/are NOT typically involved in homeostasis regulation?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of decreased plasma oncotic pressure?

    <p>Fluid leakage into tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common result of ischemia in nervous tissue?

    <p>Cell death due to oxygen deprivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurological disorder is characterized by the inability to form new memories?

    <p>Anterograde Amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of test is particularly useful for diagnosing neuromuscular disorders?

    <p>Electromyography (EMG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a common manifestation of alimentary dysfunction?

    <p>Dysphagia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes vascular neurological disorders from other neurological disorders?

    <p>They result from blood flow disruptions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Achalasia primarily impacts which physiological function?

    <p>Movement of food into the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with excessive acid production due to gastrin-secreting tumors?

    <p>Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following mechanisms can contribute to cellular damage within nervous tissue?

    <p>Autoimmune reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary underlying cause of Guillain-Barré Syndrome?

    <p>Peripheral nerve damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is indicative of intestinal dysfunction?

    <p>Bloating and gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is most commonly associated with Barrett’s Esophagus?

    <p>Cancer risk due to acid reflux</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural abnormality contributes to alimentary dysfunction through obstruction?

    <p>Strictures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of xerostomia?

    <p>Autoimmune conditions like Sjögren’s syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of imaging test is useful for detecting structural abnormalities in the nervous system?

    <p>CT scan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hallmark symptom of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)?

    <p>Memory loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by scarring of liver tissue due to chronic damage?

    <p>Cirrhosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes Cholecystitis?

    <p>Obstruction due to gallstones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of dementia is characterized by progressive loss of cognitive abilities like memory and language?

    <p>Alzheimer’s Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary cause of hypocalcemia?

    <p>Chronic kidney disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is least likely to be associated with hypermagnesemia?

    <p>Seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC) is best described as what type of condition?

    <p>Autoimmune disease affecting bile ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which management approach is primarily recommended for hyperphosphatemia?

    <p>Phosphate binders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is NOT typically associated with Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome?

    <p>Seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a symptom commonly associated with hypochloremia?

    <p>Shallow breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main pathology observed in Lewy Body Dementia?

    <p>Accumulation of Lewy bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can lead to metabolic alkalosis?

    <p>Prolonged vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of acute pancreatitis?

    <p>Gallstones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive assessment is commonly used to evaluate dementia?

    <p>Mini-Mental State Examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the management for hypomagnesemia?

    <p>Magnesium supplementation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder can lead to involuntary movements and psychiatric changes?

    <p>Huntington’s Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is most likely to contribute to hypercalcemia?

    <p>Cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH) manifest symptomatically?

    <p>Gait disturbances and cognitive decline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential cardiac implication of electrolyte imbalances?

    <p>Life-threatening arrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder primarily results from neurological damage due to prions?

    <p>Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes a loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra?

    <p>Parkinson’s Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the accumulations observed in Alzheimer's Disease?

    <p>Tau tangles and amyloid plaques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition involves a temporary reduction in blood supply to the brain without permanent damage?

    <p>Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of meningitis?

    <p>Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurological disorder is characterized by temporarily impaired facial muscle function?

    <p>Bell’s Palsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disorders leads to progressive motor neuron degeneration?

    <p>Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT classified as a degenerative neurological disorder?

    <p>Transverse Myelitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hemorrhage involves blood pooling between the brain's protective layers due to trauma?

    <p>Subdural Hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary symptom of encephalitis?

    <p>Confusion and seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor could contribute to the development of peripheral neuropathy?

    <p>Diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurological disorder is associated with a genetic mutation and affects movement and cognition?

    <p>Huntington’s Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of structural neurological disorders?

    <p>Physical abnormalities or injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a known risk factor for developing a stroke?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neurological infection is specifically known to cause inflammation of the brain tissue?

    <p>Encephalitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action for Muscular Dystrophy?

    <p>Genetic mutations leading to muscle degeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding neuromuscular disorders is incorrect?

    <p>They are always caused by infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for hypomagnesemia?

    <p>Magnesium supplements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is associated with hyperchloremia?

    <p>Weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical management for respiratory alkalosis?

    <p>Rebreathing CO₂</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Excess acid production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition would bicarbonate levels be increased?

    <p>Metabolic alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms indicates hyperphosphatemia?

    <p>Itching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify a common cause of hypomagnesemia.

    <p>Alcoholism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary measurement used to determine respiratory status in an ABG analysis?

    <p>PaCO₂</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can result from chronic kidney disease?

    <p>Hypermagnesemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which buffer system primarily operates in extracellular fluid?

    <p>Bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of hypochloremia?

    <p>Muscle cramps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify an expected symptom of metabolic alkalosis.

    <p>Weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could potentially result from excessive magnesium intake?

    <p>Hypermagnesemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolyte imbalance can contribute to cardiovascular issues?

    <p>Magnesium imbalance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by a reduced number of red blood cells or hemoglobin, leading to decreased oxygen transport?

    <p>Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary physiological effect of thick mucus in cystic fibrosis?

    <p>Obstruction of airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In metabolic acidosis, what changes in blood gas values are typically observed?

    <p>↓ pH, Normal PaCO₂, ↓ HCO₃⁻</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the symptom of hypoxia in pulmonary embolism?

    <p>An obstruction in pulmonary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Inadequate iron absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is characterized by chronic airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction?

    <p>Asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of anemia results from the premature destruction of red blood cells?

    <p>Hemolytic Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition is the blood characterized by excessive clotting in small vessels, consuming clotting factors?

    <p>Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a vascular disorder that can lead to ischemic conditions?

    <p>Atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is aimed at reducing fluid overload in conditions like heart failure?

    <p>Diuretics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological change occurs in left-sided heart failure?

    <p>Fluid accumulates in the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In metabolic alkalosis, what changes would be expected in the blood gas values?

    <p>↑ pH, Normal PaCO₂, ↑ HCO₃⁻</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What commonly causes lactose intolerance?

    <p>Deficiency of the lactase enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by reduced PaCO₂ and elevated pH?

    <p>Respiratory Alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of hypovolemia if left untreated?

    <p>Hypovolemic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is responsible for increased fluid movement into the interstitial space during heart failure?

    <p>Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is most associated with hypervolemia?

    <p>Edema in extremities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of hypernatremia?

    <p>Dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would you expect to monitor closely in a patient with hypokalemia?

    <p>Muscle weakness and arrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dietary adjustment is recommended for a patient at risk of fluid overload?

    <p>Sodium restrictions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory test is vital for assessing renal function in fluid imbalances?

    <p>Blood Urea Nitrogen and Creatinine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of untreated hypovolemia?

    <p>Electrolyte imbalances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does decreased plasma oncotic pressure have on fluid balance?

    <p>Promotes fluid leakage into surrounding tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolyte imbalance is characterized by muscle twitching and irritability?

    <p>Hypernatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the assessment of a patient with suspected fluid imbalance, what clinical sign suggests fluid retention?

    <p>Decreased urine output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following interventions is essential in managing hyperkalemia?

    <p>Administering calcium gluconate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of electrolytes in the human body?

    <p>To facilitate fluid balance and nerve impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is most likely to cause edema due to increased capillary permeability?

    <p>Infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of antibodies in responding to antigens?

    <p>To neutralize or mark antigens for destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the term 'epitope' in the context of antigen-antibody reactions?

    <p>A specific part of an antigen recognized by immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism involves the clumping of particulate antigens with antibodies?

    <p>Agglutination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'affinity' refer to in antigen-antibody interactions?

    <p>The strength of interaction between a single epitope and a paratope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor enhances the uptake and destruction of antigens by phagocytic cells?

    <p>Opsonization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In diagnostic tests, what is the primary function of the complement fixation test?

    <p>To observe the activation of the complement system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of direct agglutination?

    <p>Involves antigens naturally present on cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'specificity' refer to in the context of immunological tests?

    <p>The ability to detect only the intended antigen without cross-reacting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can lead to hypokalemia?

    <p>Chronic diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolyte imbalance is primarily characterized by muscle twitching and seizures?

    <p>Hyponatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the management strategy for acute hyperkalemia?

    <p>Calcium gluconate and insulin with glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolyte imbalance can result in fatigue and kidney stones?

    <p>Hypercalcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tests typically employs immunodiffusion to measure antigen levels?

    <p>Radial immunodiffusion tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can lead to hypernatremia?

    <p>Excessive salt intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nervous System Damage Causes

    • The nervous system is a complex network connecting the brain, spinal cord, and body parts, enabling communication between organ systems.
    • The Central Nervous System (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord, processing sensory information.
    • The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) manages voluntary and involuntary functions, including somatic and autonomic systems.
    • Neurons are specialized cells transmitting electrochemical signals. - The cell body (soma) controls the cell. - Dendrites receive signals. - Axons transmit signals. - Types: Autonomic (involuntary actions), Motor (muscle control), Sensory (sensory input).
    • The nervous system can be damaged by trauma, infections, degeneration, structural defects, tumors, blood flow disruption, and autoimmune disorders.

    Trauma-Induced Nerve Injuries

    • Trauma is physical injury affecting nerve function.
      • Neuropraxia: Temporary nerve compression or stretching causing brief symptoms (e.g., "burner," "stinger").
      • Neuroma: Painful nerve scar formation requiring surgery.
      • Peripheral Nerve Ruptures: Partial or complete nerve tears, often requiring surgery.
      • Nerve Avulsion: Complete nerve detachment from the spinal cord, often irreversible.
    • Peripheral nerves are vulnerable in tight bony areas (e.g., carpal tunnel syndrome).
    • Spinal cord injuries often result in permanent damage with scar tissue hindering regeneration.

    Nerve Damage Due to Infections

    • Infectious agents include bacteria (e.g., Lyme disease, Mycoplasma pneumoniae), viruses (e.g., shingles, Hepatitis C, SARS-CoV-2), and fungi (e.g., Cryptococcus, Aspergillus).
      • Peripheral neuropathy symptoms include tingling, burning, numbness, muscle weakness, and dizziness, often caused by HIV, diabetes, or toxins.
      • Central Nervous System Infections: - Brain abscess: Pus accumulation in brain tissue. - Bacterial Meningitis: Meninges inflammation due to bacteria. - Viral Meningitis & Encephalitis: Viral infections causing brain inflammation.

    Degenerative Disorders

    • Degenerative diseases are progressive and often incurable, affecting nervous tissue.
      • Alzheimer's Disease: Memory loss and cognitive decline.
      • Parkinson's Disease: Motor dysfunction due to dopamine deficiency.
      • Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): Affects motor neurons leading to paralysis.
      • Huntington's Disease: Genetic disorder causing cognitive and motor decline.
    • Pathology includes axonal degeneration and myelin loss, and sometimes amyloid infiltration.

    Structural Defects

    • Structural defects include brain or spinal cord tumors (benign or malignant), cervical spondylosis (spinal disk degeneration), and carpal tunnel syndrome (wrist nerve compression).

    Tumors

    • Tumors are abnormal cell growths, which can be benign or malignant.
      • Meningioma: Common primary brain tumor.
      • Acoustic Neuroma: Benign auditory nerve tumor.
      • Neurofibroma: Benign tumor arising from nerve tissues.

    Blood Flow Disruptions

    • Blood flow disruptions include stroke (interrupted blood flow to the brain) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (bleeding in the brain's subarachnoid space).

    Autoimmune Disorders

    • Autoimmune diseases involve the immune system attacking nerve tissues.
      • Multiple Sclerosis: Myelin destruction in the CNS.
      • Guillain-Barré Syndrome: Peripheral nerve impairment.

    Acid-Base Imbalances

    • Acid-base balance regulates blood pH (7.35-7.45).
    • Imbalances disrupt cellular and metabolic processes.
    • Buffer systems (bicarbonate-carbonic acid, protein, phosphate) maintain pH.
    • Respiratory system (CO2 management) and renal system (bicarbonate/hydrogen regulation) manage balance.
    • Types & causes: Respiratory Acidosis (CO2 retention from hypoventilation); causes include COPD, asthma, poisoning); Respiratory Alkalosis (CO2 loss from hyperventilation), causes include anxiety, high altitudes); Metabolic Acidosis (excess acid or bicarbonate loss), causes include DKA, kidney failure); Metabolic Alkalosis (excessive bicarbonate or acid loss), causes include vomiting, antacid overuse.

    Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance

    • Fluid and electrolytes (charged particles) are crucial for body homeostasis, supporting cellular processes, muscle contractions, and nerve signals.
    • Body fluid compartments: Intracellular ~2/3 total body water; Extracellular ~1/3 total body water (interstitial fluid, intravascular fluid, transcellular fluid).
    • Hypovolemia (fluid deficit): low fluid volume, caused by dehydration, vomiting, diarrhea, blood loss. Symptoms include dry skin, low urine output, hypotension, tachycardia.
    • Hypervolemia (fluid excess): increased fluid volume, caused by heart failure, kidney failure, IV fluids. Symptoms include edema, hypertension, shortness of breath.
    • Edema can be caused by increased capillary pressure, decreased oncotic pressure (low protein in blood), increased capillary permeability, and lymphatic obstruction.
    • Assessment involves clinical signs (edema, skin turgor, vital signs) and laboratory tests (electrolytes, BUN, creatinine, urine output).

    Altered Neurological Systems

    • Neurological disorders affect the brain, spinal cord, nerves, or neuromuscular junctions.
      • Examples: Cognitive disorders (impaired mental functions, e.g., dementia, memory problems); Vascular disorders (blood flow interruptions in the brain, e.g., stroke); Infectious disorders (inflammation from pathogens, e.g., meningitis, encephalitis); Structural disorders (physical defects in nervous tissues, e.g., brain injuries, tumors); Degenerative disorders (progressive tissue damage, e.g., Alzheimer's, Parkinson's); Neuromuscular disorders (disorders affecting nerve-muscle communication, e.g., myasthenia gravis); Neuroinfections (infections affecting the nervous system, e.g., bacterial, viral, fungal); Cognitive network alterations (disturbances in cognitive networks)
    • Neurological disorders have various causes: genetic factors, environmental exposure (toxins), infections, trauma, and malnutrition.

    Disorders of the Alimentary Canal

    • Alimentary dysfunction disrupts normal digestive system functions affecting nutrient absorption and waste elimination.
    • Causes: Mechanical (obstructions), neuromuscular (muscle/nerve issues), inflammatory (chronic inflammation), infectious (bacteria/viruses), neoplastic (tumors), vascular (reduced blood supply), endocrine/metabolic, and dietary.
    • Manifestations: Pain, difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), nausea/vomiting, diarrhea/constipation, bloating/gas, blood in stool (hematochezia/melena), and unintended weight loss.
    • Disorders by region: Mouth/Salivary disorders (stomatitis, dental caries, periodontitis); Esophageal/Deglutition (dysphagia, achalasia, GERD); Gastric/Duodenal (gastritis, ulcers, gastroparesis); Intestinal (Crohn's, colitis, diverticulitis, IBS, obstructions); Rectal/Anal (hemorrhoids, fissures); Liver (hepatitis, cirrhosis); Biliary (gallstones, cholecystitis); Pancreatic (pancreatitis, cancer).

    Degenerative Neurological Disorders

    • These are progressive conditions causing nervous tissue deterioration.
      • Alzheimer's Disease: Loss of memory and cognition; Pathology: amyloid plaques, tau tangles.
      • Vascular Dementia: Repeated small strokes.
      • Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD): Behavioral changes, impaired judgment.
      • Lewy Body Dementia: Progressive memory, reasoning loss, and hallucinations; Pathology: Lewy bodies accumulation.
      • Parkinson's Disease Dementia (PDD) :Motor function problems progression to cognitive decline; Pathology: dopamine loss.
      • Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD): Rapid dementia, personality changes and seizures; Pathology: prions.
      • Huntington's Disease: Inherited disorder with involuntary movements, cognitive decline; Pathology: CAG repeat expansion.
      • Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome: Confusion, ataxia, and memory loss (caused by alcoholism and thiamine deficiency).
      • AIDS Dementia Complex: HIV-caused motor disturbances, cognitive decline, and behavioral changes.

    Antigen-Antibody Reactions

    • Antigen-antibody reactions are specific interactions between antigens (foreign substances) and antibodies (immune system proteins).
    • Key terms: Antigen (foreign substance eliciting an immune response); Antibody/immunoglobulins (produced by B-cells, bind to specific antigens); Epitope (antigen's part detected by antibody); Paratope (antibody's binding site).
    • Mechanisms: Precipitation (soluble antigen-antibody complex), flocculation (visible clumps), immunodiffusion (precipitation in gel), agglutination (clumping of particulate antigens).
    • Diagnostic applications: Precipitation, immunodiffusion, agglutination, complement fixation tests.
    • Clinical relevance: Neutralization, opsonization, complement activation, immune complex formation in diseases like lupus.

    Electrolyte Imbalances

    • Electrolytes are charged particles regulating electrical neutrality, nerve impulses, and muscle contractions.
      • Sodium (Na⁺): Hyponatremia (low sodium), Hypernatremia (high sodium); causes/symptoms/treatment differ in both cases
      • Potassium (K⁺): Hypokalemia (low potassium), Hyperkalemia (high potassium); causes/symptoms/treatment differ in both cases.
      • Calcium (Ca²⁺): Hypocalcemia (low calcium), Hypercalcemia (high calcium); causes/symptoms/treatment differ in both cases.
      • Magnesium (Mg²⁺): Hypomagnesemia (low magnesium), Hypermagnesemia (high magnesium); causes/symptoms/treatment differ in both cases.
      • Chloride (Cl⁻): Hypochloremia (low chloride), Hyperchloremia (high chloride); causes/symptoms/treatment differ in both cases.
    • Phosphate (PO₄⁻): Hypophosphatemia (low phosphate), Hyperphosphatemia (high phosphate); causes/symptoms/treatment differ in both cases.
    • Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻): Acidosis (low bicarbonate), Alkalosis (high bicarbonate); causes/symptoms/treatment differ in both cases.
    • Clinical relevance: Cardiac, neuromuscular, acid-base balance.

    Disorders of Nutrient & Gas Transport

    • The body transports nutrients and gases for optimal functioning.
      • Nutrient transport disorders: Malabsorption syndromes (e.g., celiac disease, Crohn's), lactose intolerance, anemia.
      • Gas transport disorders: Anemia (reduced oxygen capacity), COPD, pulmonary embolism, CF.
      • Vascular disorders: Atherosclerosis, PAD.

    Respiratory Disorders

    • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Asthma, Pulmonary Edema, Pneumonia, ARDS

    Circulatory Disorders

    • Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, Heart Failure.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the causes of nervous system damage, including trauma and its effects. Explore the functions and types of the central and peripheral nervous systems. This quiz will deepen your understanding of neurological injuries and their implications.

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