Nervous System Damage Causes Quiz

<p>Nerve Avulsion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperactivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Axon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Degeneration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulates involuntary bodily functions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Scar tissue formation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Burning sensations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parkinson’s Disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meningioma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respiratory Acidosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To balance bicarbonate and carbonic acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kussmaul breathing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacterial meningitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renal System (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peripheral nerve impairment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meningitis or encephalitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metabolic Alkalosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased nerve function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acidity and alkalinity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Full Compensation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rapid, deep breathing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases sodium and water retention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypervolemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fully Compensated Metabolic Alkalosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osmolality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Confusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transports nutrients and removes waste (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive sweating (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Localized swelling due to impaired lymph drainage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multiple Sclerosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluid leakage into tissues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell death due to oxygen deprivation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anterograde Amnesia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electromyography (EMG) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dysphagia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They result from blood flow disruptions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Movement of food into the stomach (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autoimmune reactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peripheral nerve damage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bloating and gas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cancer risk due to acid reflux (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strictures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autoimmune conditions like Sjögren’s syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CT scan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Memory loss (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cirrhosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obstruction due to gallstones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alzheimer’s Disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic kidney disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Seizures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autoimmune disease affecting bile ducts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphate binders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Seizures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shallow breathing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accumulation of Lewy bodies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prolonged vomiting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gallstones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mini-Mental State Examination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Magnesium supplementation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Huntington’s Disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cancer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gait disturbances and cognitive decline (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Life-threatening arrhythmias (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parkinson’s Disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tau tangles and amyloid plaques (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bell’s Palsy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transverse Myelitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subdural Hemorrhage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Confusion and seizures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetes mellitus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Huntington’s Disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical abnormalities or injuries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Encephalitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic mutations leading to muscle degeneration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are always caused by infections. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Magnesium supplements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weakness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rebreathing CO₂ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excess acid production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metabolic alkalosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Itching (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alcoholism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PaCO₂ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypermagnesemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle cramps (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weakness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypermagnesemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Magnesium imbalance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obstruction of airways (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>↓ pH, Normal PaCO₂, ↓ HCO₃⁻ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An obstruction in pulmonary arteries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inadequate iron absorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asthma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemolytic Anemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atherosclerosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diuretics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluid accumulates in the lungs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>↑ pH, Normal PaCO₂, ↑ HCO₃⁻ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deficiency of the lactase enzyme (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respiratory Alkalosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypovolemic shock (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Edema in extremities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dehydration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle weakness and arrhythmias (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sodium restrictions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood Urea Nitrogen and Creatinine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrolyte imbalances (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promotes fluid leakage into surrounding tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypernatremia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased urine output (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Administering calcium gluconate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To facilitate fluid balance and nerve impulses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To neutralize or mark antigens for destruction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A specific part of an antigen recognized by immune cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agglutination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The strength of interaction between a single epitope and a paratope (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Opsonization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To observe the activation of the complement system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Involves antigens naturally present on cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability to detect only the intended antigen without cross-reacting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic diarrhea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyponatremia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium gluconate and insulin with glucose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypercalcemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Radial immunodiffusion tests (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive salt intake (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The nervous system is a complex network that includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves, enabling communication between body parts.

A temporary nerve injury caused by stretching or compressing nerve fibers, often resulting in temporary numbness or tingling.

A painful nerve scar formation, often requiring surgical intervention to relieve pain.

Partial or complete tearing of a peripheral nerve, often requiring surgery for repair.

Complete detachment of a nerve from its origin, often resulting in permanent damage.

The brain and spinal cord; it processes information and controls bodily functions.

The network of nerves connecting the CNS to other body parts, controlling voluntary and involuntary actions.

A specialized cell that transmits electrical signals throughout the nervous system.

Damage to nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, often from pressure or swelling.

Damage to the spinal cord, often leading to permanent damage due to scar tissue formation.

Infectious disease caused by the Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria.

Damage to peripheral nerves, causing symptoms like tingling, numbness, and muscle weakness.

Infections affecting the brain and spinal cord.

Pus accumulation in the brain due to bacterial infection.

Inflammation of the meninges (protective membranes around the brain and spinal cord) due to bacterial infection.

Maintaining a stable pH level in the blood for cellular function.

Chemical system that resists drastic changes in pH.

Primary buffer system in the body, maintaining balance between bicarbonate and carbonic acid.

Acid buildup in the blood caused by poor breathing.

Acid buildup in the blood caused by factors other than breathing.

Measure of acidity or alkalinity in a solution.

Test to measure pH, CO2, and bicarbonate levels in the blood.

pH returns to normal, but PaCO₂ and HCO₃⁻ levels remain abnormal.

pH moves closer to normal but remains outside the normal range.

Confusion, drowsiness, headache, shortness of breath.

Dizziness, numbness, tingling, muscle spasms.

Rapid, deep breathing (Kussmaul respirations), lethargy, nausea, cardiac arrhythmias.

Weakness, muscle cramps, irritability, twitching.

Two-thirds of total body water, found within cells, supporting metabolic processes.

One-third of total body water, surrounding cells, including interstitial, intravascular, and transcellular fluids.

Measurement of solute concentration in a solution.

Osmotic pressure between two solutions.

Fluid loss due to dehydration, excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, or blood loss.

Fluid accumulation due to heart failure, kidney failure, or excessive IV fluids.

Inability to form new memories.

Inability to recall past memories.

These disorders disrupt blood flow to nervous tissue, causing oxygen and nutrient deprivation. They are caused by issues with blood vessels, leading to reduced blood supply to the brain.

A stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain is blocked or ruptures, causing brain cell death and potential permanent damage.

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a temporary lack of blood flow to the brain, often called a 'mini-stroke.' It doesn't cause permanent damage, but it's a sign of increased stroke risk.

A subarachnoid hemorrhage is bleeding between the brain and its protective layers, often caused by a ruptured aneurysm.

A subdural hemorrhage is a pooling of blood between the dura mater and the brain, usually caused by head trauma.

An epidural hemorrhage is bleeding between the skull and the dura mater, commonly caused by a traumatic injury.

These disorders arise from pathogens like bacteria, viruses, or fungi that inflame nervous tissue, leading to damaging inflammation.

Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges, the protective coverings surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain tissue, often from a viral infection.

Poliomyelitis, or polio, is a viral infection that affects the nervous system, weakening muscles and causing paralysis.

These disorders involve physical damage or abnormalities in the nervous system, impacting structure and function.

Caused by physical trauma, brain or spinal cord injuries can result in impairments in various functions depending on severity and location.

Bell's palsy is a temporary paralysis of facial muscles due to dysfunction of the facial nerve.

Cervical spondylosis is a degenerative condition of the cervical spine leading to nerve compression, causing pain and numbness.

Carpal tunnel syndrome is a condition caused by compression of the median nerve in the wrist, leading to pain, numbness, and tingling in the hand.

A condition characterized by progressive deterioration of specific tissues or organ systems, leading to decline in function over time.

A disorder affecting mental processes like memory, learning, and decision-making.

Subtle cognitive decline not severe enough to interfere with daily life, often a precursor to Alzheimer's Disease.

Acute disturbance of attention and cognition, fluctuating throughout the day.

Cognitive impairment linked to a psychiatric illness, such as depression.

A broad term for progressive, irreversible loss of cognitive abilities.

Reversible dementia caused by impaired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) absorption, leading to symptoms like urinary incontinence, gait disturbances, and cognitive decline.

Reversible dementia caused by pernicious anemia, leading to demyelination and symptoms like paresthesia, mood changes, and cognitive dysfunction.

Most common type of dementia, characterized by memory loss, language impairment (aphasia), and inability to perform tasks (apraxia).

Dementia caused by multiple small strokes damaging the brain.

Dementia affecting the frontal and temporal lobes, leading to behavioral changes, impaired judgment, and social inappropriateness.

Dementia characterized by progressive memory loss, reasoning decline, and hallucinations.

Dementia associated with Parkinson's Disease, caused by loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to tremors, rigidity, and gradual cognitive decline.

Rare, rapidly progressing dementia caused by prions, leading to dementia, personality changes, seizures, and myoclonus.

Genetic disease caused by excessive CAG repeats, leading to involuntary movements, cognitive decline, and psychiatric changes.

Low calcium levels in the blood, often caused by hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, or chronic kidney disease.

When blood pH is below 7.35, indicating too much acid in the body.

High calcium levels in the blood, often caused by hyperparathyroidism, cancer, or prolonged immobility.

When blood pH is above 7.45, indicating too much base (alkali) in the body.

Low magnesium levels in the blood, often caused by malnutrition, alcoholism, diuretics, or chronic diarrhea.

High magnesium levels in the blood, often caused by renal failure or excessive magnesium intake.

Low chloride levels in the blood, often caused by vomiting, metabolic alkalosis, or diuretics.

High chloride levels in the blood, often caused by dehydration, metabolic acidosis, or excessive chloride intake.

The process of regulating CO₂ levels through breathing to influence blood pH.

Low phosphate levels in the blood, often caused by alcoholism, malabsorption, or respiratory alkalosis.

The kidneys' role in long-term control of H⁺ and HCO₃⁻ balance to maintain pH.

High phosphate levels in the blood, often caused by kidney failure, hypoparathyroidism, or excessive intake.

Loss of CO₂ (hypocapnia) from hyperventilation, making the blood less acidic.

Excess base (bicarbonate) or loss of H⁺ ions due to factors other than breathing.

A test used to measure the pH, CO₂ (PaCO₂), and bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) levels in the blood.

The process of analyzing ABG results to determine the cause of acid-base imbalance.

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood, reflecting respiratory contribution to pH.

Bicarbonate level in blood, reflecting metabolic contribution to pH.

The body's process of maintaining proper water and electrolyte levels for optimal function.

High pressure inside capillaries pushes fluid out into surrounding tissues.

Low protein levels in blood reduce the 'pulling' force that keeps fluid in blood vessels.

Inflammation makes capillaries 'leaky,' allowing fluid and proteins to escape into tissues.

Blockage in lymphatic system prevents fluid drainage, leading to swelling.

A measure of skin elasticity, indicating hydration levels.

Essential ions that regulate fluid balance, nerve impulses, muscle function, and pH.

Substances that trigger an immune response. They can be foreign proteins, viruses, bacteria, parasites, pollutants, cancer cells, or transplanted tissues.

Specialized proteins produced by B cells and plasma cells in response to antigens. They bind specifically to antigens to neutralize or mark them for destruction.

The specific part of an antigen that antibodies, B cells, or T cells recognize.

The antigen-binding site on an antibody, formed by the variable regions of the light and heavy chains.

The strength of the interaction between a single epitope and a paratope.

The overall strength of the binding between an antibody and an antigen, considering all binding sites.

The number of antigen-binding sites on an antibody molecule.

The ability of a test to detect even minute quantities of antigens or antibodies.

The ability of a test to detect only the intended antigen without cross-reacting with other antigens.

When soluble antigens combine with antibodies, forming insoluble complexes.

A type of precipitation where visible clumps form in a liquid medium.

The diffusion of antigens and antibodies in a gel medium, leading to visible precipitation lines.

The clumping of particulate antigens with antibodies.

Conditions where nutrients are poorly absorbed due to diseases like celiac disease or Crohn's disease, leading to deficiencies in vitamins and minerals.

Inability to digest lactose due to lactase deficiency, causing bloating, diarrhea, and discomfort.

A type of anemia caused by insufficient iron, leading to low red blood cell production.

A condition with a reduced number of red blood cells or hemoglobin, impairing oxygen transport.

Lung disease causing airflow obstruction, leading to difficulty breathing, hypoxia, and hypercapnia.

Blood clot blocking pulmonary arteries, leading to hypoxia (low oxygen levels).

Plaque buildup in arteries, restricting blood flow, potentially leading to heart attacks or strokes.

Narrowing of arteries, especially in the extremities, causing pain and reduced oxygen and nutrient delivery.

Red blood cells are destroyed prematurely, often by infections, autoimmune disorders, or genetic factors like sickle cell anemia.

Bone marrow fails to produce enough red blood cells due to various factors.

Decreased white blood cell count, increasing the risk of infections.

Genetic disorder leading to excessive bleeding due to deficiency in clotting factors.

Uncontrolled clotting in small blood vessels, consuming clotting factors and platelets, leading to excessive bleeding.

Blood clot forming in a deep vein, often in the legs, leading to pain, swelling, and risk of pulmonary embolism.

Chronic airway inflammation causing bronchoconstriction, leading to wheezing, dyspnea, and reduced oxygen.

Fluid accumulation in the alveoli, impairing oxygen exchange, leading to hypoxia and respiratory distress.

Immune system mistakenly attacks nervous tissue causing problems like Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Guillain-Barré Syndrome.

Immune system destroys myelin in the CNS, disrupting communication between the brain and body. This leads to weakness, numbness, and vision problems.

Autoimmune attack on peripheral nerves leading to weakness and paralysis.

Infections, trauma, or autoimmune reactions can damage neurons, axons, or myelin, impairing nerve signal transmission.

Reduced blood flow deprives nervous tissue of oxygen and nutrients, leading to cell death.

Gradual loss of neuronal structure and function caused by aging, genetic mutations, or toxic accumulation (e.g., amyloid plaques in Alzheimer’s)

Structural abnormalities or tumors compress nerves or restrict blood flow causing dysfunction.

Any disruption in the normal functioning of the digestive system, affecting nutrient absorption, waste elimination, and overall digestion.

Structural abnormalities physically obstructing the alimentary canal, such as strictures, hernias, and tumors.

Conditions affecting muscles or nerves controlling digestion, such as Achalasia (failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax) and gastroparesis (delayed stomach emptying).

Chronic inflammation in digestive tissues, such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and gastritis.

Bacteria, viruses, or parasites can cause infections in the digestive system, such as Helicobacter pylori, E.coli, and Giardia.

Benign or malignant tumors interfering with digestion.

Reduced blood supply to the intestines causing ischemia .

Hormonal imbalances or metabolic disorders affecting digestion, such as diabetes or thyroid disorders.