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Questions and Answers
Which type of neuron is exclusively found within the central nervous system (CNS)?
Which type of neuron is exclusively found within the central nervous system (CNS)?
In which direction is an electrical impulse transmitted through a neuron?
In which direction is an electrical impulse transmitted through a neuron?
Which of the following structures is NOT a component of a typical neuron cell?
Which of the following structures is NOT a component of a typical neuron cell?
What is the primary function of motor neurons?
What is the primary function of motor neurons?
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What is the primary function of a neuron that carries signals towards the central nervous system (CNS)?
What is the primary function of a neuron that carries signals towards the central nervous system (CNS)?
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In the spinal cord, where is gray matter located?
In the spinal cord, where is gray matter located?
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Where does the initiation of an action potential typically occur in a neuron?
Where does the initiation of an action potential typically occur in a neuron?
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What is primarily composed of myelinated axons?
What is primarily composed of myelinated axons?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of neuroglial cell found in the central nervous system (CNS)?
Which of the following is NOT a type of neuroglial cell found in the central nervous system (CNS)?
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Which statement correctly describes a sensory neuron?
Which statement correctly describes a sensory neuron?
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What is a primary role of neuroglia in protecting the nervous system?
What is a primary role of neuroglia in protecting the nervous system?
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Where can white matter be found?
Where can white matter be found?
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Which type of protection is primarily associated with the bones of the skull and vertebral column?
Which type of protection is primarily associated with the bones of the skull and vertebral column?
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Which of the following is NOT a way in which the nervous organs are protected?
Which of the following is NOT a way in which the nervous organs are protected?
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In the cerebrum, where is gray matter located?
In the cerebrum, where is gray matter located?
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What is a distinctive characteristic of white matter?
What is a distinctive characteristic of white matter?
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How do the meningeal layers protect the brain from injury?
How do the meningeal layers protect the brain from injury?
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What are the folds of the cerebral cortex called?
What are the folds of the cerebral cortex called?
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Where do peripheral nerves gain partial protection as they exit the vertebral column?
Where do peripheral nerves gain partial protection as they exit the vertebral column?
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Which of the following best describes the spinal cord's organization of gray and white matter?
Which of the following best describes the spinal cord's organization of gray and white matter?
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What is the primary function of the gyri in the brain?
What is the primary function of the gyri in the brain?
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Which structures are included in the basal nuclei?
Which structures are included in the basal nuclei?
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What is the primary role of the white matter in the nervous system?
What is the primary role of the white matter in the nervous system?
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Where are the neuronal cell bodies primarily located in the spinal cord?
Where are the neuronal cell bodies primarily located in the spinal cord?
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What characteristic of endothelial cells in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) primarily restricts the passage of molecules between them?
What characteristic of endothelial cells in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) primarily restricts the passage of molecules between them?
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Which of the following molecules can typically cross the blood-brain barrier via simple diffusion?
Which of the following molecules can typically cross the blood-brain barrier via simple diffusion?
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Which type of cells are connected by tight junctions in the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCB)?
Which type of cells are connected by tight junctions in the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCB)?
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In the blood-brain barrier (BBB), what is the role of astrocyte processes?
In the blood-brain barrier (BBB), what is the role of astrocyte processes?
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Compared to the blood-brain barrier (BBB), what is a key difference in the cellular composition of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCB)?
Compared to the blood-brain barrier (BBB), what is a key difference in the cellular composition of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCB)?
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What kind of transport is NOT a primary mechanism for molecules passing through either the blood-brain barrier or blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier?
What kind of transport is NOT a primary mechanism for molecules passing through either the blood-brain barrier or blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier?
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Where does the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCB) primarily occur?
Where does the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCB) primarily occur?
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What is the primary function of the basement membrane in both the blood-brain (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid (BCB) barriers?
What is the primary function of the basement membrane in both the blood-brain (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid (BCB) barriers?
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During which week of embryonic development does the neural plate form?
During which week of embryonic development does the neural plate form?
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What is the name of the groove that forms as the neural plate folds inward?
What is the name of the groove that forms as the neural plate folds inward?
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What structure is formed by the fusion of the neural folds?
What structure is formed by the fusion of the neural folds?
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By what week of embryonic development is the neural tube completely formed?
By what week of embryonic development is the neural tube completely formed?
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The early brain develops from a tube that:
The early brain develops from a tube that:
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What is the outer tissue layer of the embryo where the neural plate originates?
What is the outer tissue layer of the embryo where the neural plate originates?
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What are the bulges and bends that appear on the neural tube?
What are the bulges and bends that appear on the neural tube?
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What structure is the precursor to the brain and spinal cord?
What structure is the precursor to the brain and spinal cord?
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Which of the following adult brain structures originates from the telencephalon during embryonic development?
Which of the following adult brain structures originates from the telencephalon during embryonic development?
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The rhombencephalon during embryonic development eventually gives rise to which of the following?
The rhombencephalon during embryonic development eventually gives rise to which of the following?
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Which primary vesicle is the precursor to the diencephalon?
Which primary vesicle is the precursor to the diencephalon?
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What is the main function of nervous tissue's protective systems?
What is the main function of nervous tissue's protective systems?
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Which of these is NOT a direct function of neuroglia?
Which of these is NOT a direct function of neuroglia?
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Study Notes
Cellular Components, Neuronal Protection, and Development
- The nervous system is composed of two types of tissue: grey matter and white matter
- Grey matter contains neuron cell bodies, unmyelinated axons, and dendrites. It is located superficially in the cerebrum and deep in the spinal cord
- White matter contains myelinated and unmyelinated axons, connecting areas of grey matter. It is located deep in the cerebrum and superficially in the spinal cord
- The folds of the cerebral cortex are called gyri and increase the surface area, leading to more processing power
Functional Units of the System
- Neurons are the basic functional units of the nervous system
- Neurons transmit electrical impulses called action potentials
- All neurons have three major components: cell body, dendrites, and axons
- Sensory neurons carry sensory information to the CNS; they are unipolar
- Motor neurons carry motor information from the CNS to effectors; they are multipolar
- Association, or interneurons, connect sensory and motor neurons; they are multipolar
Transmission of Signals
- Impulses travel from dendrites to the cell body and then to the axon
- Neurons transmit signals in a single direction
- Sensory neurons carry information towards the CNS
- Motor neurons carry information away from the CNS
Functional Units of the System: Neuroglia
- Neuroglia are support cells in the nervous system, helping to protect and support neurons
- Ependymal cells line the ventricles and central canal (assist in producing, circulating, and monitoring CSF)
- Astrocytes maintain the blood-brain barrier, provide structural support, regulate ions, nutrients, dissolved gases, and recycle neurotransmitters
- Oligodendrocytes myelinate CNS axons and provide structural framework
- Microglia remove debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis in the CNS
- Satellite cells surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia (regulate O2, CO2, nutrient, and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia).
- Schwann cells surround axons in the PNS (responsible for myelination of peripheral axons and participate in the repair process)
Neural Protection
- Nervous tissue is fragile and needs protection
- Bones and fatty cushions protect the nervous tissue
- Meninges act like a seatbelt to attenuate mechanical trauma
- Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) supports the weight, maintains shape, cushions the organs, and is involved in transporting nutrients and removing wastes in the CNS
- Neuroglia (astrocytes and ependymal cells) provide cellular barriers to protect nervous tissue from blood components
Blood-Brain Barrier
- Endothelial cells that make up capillary walls are in contact with the blood
- Basement membrane is a layer of anchoring proteins preventing certain solutes from passing
- Astrocyte processes wrap around the endothelial basement membrane
Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier
- The barrier occurs in the choroid plexus of the brain
- The barrier is composed of endothelial capillary cells, basement membrane, and ependymal cells
- Tight junctions in ependymal cells prevent most compounds from passing between these cells
Brain Development
- The brain develops from a tube in the embryo
- The embryo's neural tube differentiates into three primary vesicles: prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon
- The primary vesicles further develop into secondary vesicles which ultimately develop into adult structures
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Description
This quiz explores the cellular components of the nervous system, including the structure and function of grey and white matter. Learn about the basic functional units, neurons, their roles, and how they transmit information within the central nervous system.
