Neurotransmitters in the Autonomic Nervous System
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Questions and Answers

What neurotransmitter is released by postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system?

  • Norepinephrine
  • Epinephrine
  • Dopamine
  • Acetylcholine (correct)

    • Which term best describes neurons that release acetylcholine?

  • GABAergic
  • Noradrenergic
  • Adrenergic
  • Cholinergic (correct)

    • What is the primary neurotransmitter released by most postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system?

  • Serotonin
  • Norepinephrine (correct)
  • Epinephrine
  • Acetylcholine

    • If a neuron releases norepinephrine (NE), what term would be used to classify the neuron?

    <p>Adrenergic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the neurotransmitter released by preganglionic neurons in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine (NE) typically affect target organs in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>They bind to different receptors to mediate different target organ responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At the neuroeffector junction, what neurotransmitter is released by postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic pathway?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is NOT primarily associated with the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental concept of the 'Neuron Doctrine'?

    <p>The nervous system is made up of discrete individual cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

    <p>The brain and spinal cord.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of motor nerves within the nervous system?

    <p>Controlling movement and some functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of sensory nerves?

    <p>Detecting external stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, what are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

    <p>Central and peripheral nervous systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered the minimal functional unit of the nervous system?

    <p>The neuron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a neuron?

    <p>To conduct electrical signals (Action Potentials).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the content, what is a major reason for the close association between physiology and anatomy in the nervous system?

    <p>Neurons conduct action potentials to control functions and detect stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the provided diagram, what are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

    <p>Central and Peripheral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord?

    <p>Central Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Autonomic Nervous System is further divided into which two systems?

    <p>Sympathetic and Parasympathetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'chromothesia' refer to in the context of the text?

    <p>A form of synesthesia where music is heard as colors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific type of synesthesia where letters or numbers are perceived as being inherently colored?

    <p>Grapheme-color synesthesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A musician experiencing different tastes in response to musical tones would be an example of:

    <p>Auditory-gustatory synesthesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT directly mentioned as being included in the 'Efferent' division?

    <p>Afferent Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the text provided, what processes are associated with the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>Regulation of heart rate and blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one primary function of the blood-brain barrier?

    <p>To prevent some substances, including antibodies, from easily entering the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of rapid treatment with anti-rabies antibodies before symptom onset?

    <p>It can help lessen the severity of the infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these components is described as influencing the structure and function of the blood-brain barrier?

    <p>Astrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the content, what is a direct effect of the rabies virus on the central nervous system?

    <p>It inhibits the function of natural neurotransmitters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infection does the content primarily discuss in relation to the blood-brain barrier?

    <p>Viral rabies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the blood-brain barrier a consideration in the treatment of neurological disorders?

    <p>It can impede the delivery of therapeutic drugs to the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is mentioned in the text as associated with the blood-brain barrier?

    <p>Parkinson's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen if the rabies virus is left untreated until after the onset of symptoms?

    <p>There is no effective treatment for rabies after this point.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ion channels in the nervous system?

    <p>To produce electrical impulses for rapid information transfer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do voltage-gated ion channels contribute to electrical activity in axons?

    <p>By altering the membrane potential when they open.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial state of voltage-gated ion channels in axons?

    <p>Initially closed, only opening to allow ions to move across the membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of signal transmission occurs in axons?

    <p>Electrical signals via action potentials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of action potentials?

    <p>To transmit signals from one location to another within the nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes a change in membrane potential in axons?

    <p>The opening of voltage-gated ion channels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are sodium and potassium ions initially located at the start of an action potential?

    <p>Sodium is outside and potassium is inside the axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which specific ion channels are primarily responsible for electrical activity in axons?

    <p>Voltage-sensitive ion channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily stimulates the opening of voltage-gated ion channels in the axon membrane?

    <p>Depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are the ion channels in the axon membrane described as voltage-gated?

    <p>They are activated by changes in membrane potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism prevents the membrane potential from becoming more positive than approximately 30 mV during an action potential?

    <p>The inactivation of sodium channels and the opening of potassium channels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'all-or-none' principle of action potentials refer to?

    <p>The action potential either reaches a consistent amplitude or it doesn't occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes how action potentials are propagated?

    <p>By opening and closing of voltage-gated ion channels along the axon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical order of events that leads to action potential generation?

    <p>Depolarization, opening of Na+ channels, opening of K+ channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the function of voltage-gated channels during an action potential?

    <p>They facilitate the rapid changes in membrane permeability to certain ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a neuron receives a stimulus that causes only a small depolarization, what will happen?

    <p>A local potential will be generated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Learning Outcomes

    • Neurophysiology covers the nervous system (161-169, 239-249, 256, 163-171, 243-252 & 258-260)
    • Functional classifications of neurons
    • Structural classifications of brain cells
    • Blood-brain barrier
    • Organization of the nervous system
    • Critical thinking skills

    Introduction to Neurophysiology

    • Nervous system structure = Anatomy
    • Nervous system function = Physiology
    • Understanding physiology requires knowledge of neuroanatomy and microanatomy
    • Neurons have 2 (or 3) functions:
      • Conduct electrical signals (action potentials)
      • Release chemical signals (neurotransmitters)
    • Neurophysiology is closely related to anatomy in the nervous system.

    Neurons and Synapses

    • Neurons are the basic functional units of the nervous system
    • Dendrites receive information from sensory receptors and send it to the cell body
    • Axons deliver electrical signals from the cell body to another neuron or an effector
    • Neurons move "information" rapidly by conducting action potentials.
    • Action potentials (Electrical impulses) move from one part of the neuron to another.
    • Once at the Axon terminal, action potentials are converted to a chemical signal at the Synapse

    Functional Classification of Neurons

    • Sensory (afferent) neurons carry impulses into the CNS from sensory receptors.
    • Association (interneurons) neurons are located entirely within the CNS, helping to integrate CNS functions
    • Motor (efferent) neurons carry impulses out of the CNS to effector organs like muscles or glands.
    • Somatic motor control skeletal muscles (reflexes and voluntary)
    • Autonomic motor control smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, glands (involuntary)
    • Sympathetic and parasympathetic are subdivisions of autonomic neurons

    STRUCTURAL Classification of Neurons

    • Four types of neurons:

      • Pseudopolar (unipolar) - sensory, 1 process that splits (e.g., sensory receptors)
      • Bipolar - retinal/cochlear, 2 processes (e.g., retinal neurons)
      • Multipolar - most common, motor, and association, many dendrites, but one axon (e.g., motor neurons)
      • Anaxonic - some CNS neurons, no obvious axon (e.g., some interneurons)

    • Supporting cells (glial cells) help support neuron function

      • Supporting Cells in the PNS : Schwann Cells, Satellite Cells
      • Supporting Cells in the CNS : Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, Astrocytes, Ependymal cells

    Functional/Classification of Neurons: Simple Neural Circuit

    • Sensory neurons carry signals to the CNS
    • Motor neurons carry signals from the CNS
    • Interneurons transmit signals between neurons
    • Sensory neurons carry information to the integration centre (CNS)
    • The integration centre processes information and sends signals to the motor neurons.
    • Motor neurons initiate a response in an effector

    The Synapse

    • Axons end near other cells
    • Action potentials reach the end of the axon
      • Stimulate the next cell
    • Chemicals (neurotransmitters) carry the signal to the next cell
    • In the CNS, the 2nd cell is also a neuron
    • In the PNS, it might be a neuron or an effector cell (muscle/gland)

    Blood Brain Barrier

    • The brain’s capillaries differ in structure compared to capillaries in other organ systems
    • Capillaries in the brain have tight junctions, limiting what can pass between the blood and brain
    • Nonpolar molecules like O2 and CO2 can pass
    • Other molecules need specific transport mechanisms
    • Astrocytes play a supportive role in the blood-brain barrier.

    Action Potentials

    Critical Thinking

    • Evaluating information critically
    • Assessing accuracy, validity, and relevance of information
    • Applying knowledge to new situations
    • Identifying biases

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    Related Documents

    Neurophysiology Past Paper PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the neurotransmitters involved in the autonomic nervous system. This quiz covers key concepts related to parasympathetic and sympathetic pathways, including neurotransmitter release and neuron classification. Challenge yourself with questions about the roles and effects of these neurotransmitters.

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