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Questions and Answers
Which type of neuron is responsible for sending signals away from the central nervous system (CNS)?
Which type of neuron is responsible for sending signals away from the central nervous system (CNS)?
What is the primary function of myelin in the nervous system?
What is the primary function of myelin in the nervous system?
What part of the neuron receives incoming signals?
What part of the neuron receives incoming signals?
Which component is a part of the peripheral nervous system?
Which component is a part of the peripheral nervous system?
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What is the term for the junction where two neurons connect to pass signals?
What is the term for the junction where two neurons connect to pass signals?
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Which nervous system division is responsible for regulating involuntary activities?
Which nervous system division is responsible for regulating involuntary activities?
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What connects motor neurons to muscles in the body?
What connects motor neurons to muscles in the body?
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Which chemical is used by neurons to communicate across a synapse?
Which chemical is used by neurons to communicate across a synapse?
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What best describes the central nervous system (CNS)?
What best describes the central nervous system (CNS)?
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What type of nervous system disorder is characterized by seizures of unknown cause?
What type of nervous system disorder is characterized by seizures of unknown cause?
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Which structure is primarily responsible for memory and reasoning functions?
Which structure is primarily responsible for memory and reasoning functions?
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What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
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Which term describes the junction between two neurons?
Which term describes the junction between two neurons?
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Which condition is characterized by a state of deep unconsciousness?
Which condition is characterized by a state of deep unconsciousness?
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What does 'afferent' refer to in the nervous system?
What does 'afferent' refer to in the nervous system?
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What is a primary characteristic of Parkinsonism?
What is a primary characteristic of Parkinsonism?
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Which diagnostic tool is used for recording the brain's electric activity?
Which diagnostic tool is used for recording the brain's electric activity?
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Which term is associated with the chemical that transmits energy across a synapse?
Which term is associated with the chemical that transmits energy across a synapse?
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Which of the following describes a condition marked by a shaking or involuntary movement?
Which of the following describes a condition marked by a shaking or involuntary movement?
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What does the term 'encephalitis' refer to?
What does the term 'encephalitis' refer to?
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What is the basic functional unit of the nervous system?
What is the basic functional unit of the nervous system?
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Which structure is responsible for controlling involuntary activities in the body?
Which structure is responsible for controlling involuntary activities in the body?
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What is the junction between two neurons called?
What is the junction between two neurons called?
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What part of the brain is responsible for coordination and balance?
What part of the brain is responsible for coordination and balance?
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Which term describes carrying impulses away from the CNS?
Which term describes carrying impulses away from the CNS?
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Which type of neuron carries impulses toward the CNS?
Which type of neuron carries impulses toward the CNS?
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What is the fatty substance that insulates axons called?
What is the fatty substance that insulates axons called?
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Which type of reflex is an involuntary response to a stimulus?
Which type of reflex is an involuntary response to a stimulus?
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What is the most likely diagnosis for a patient with sudden weakness on one side of the body and slurred speech?
What is the most likely diagnosis for a patient with sudden weakness on one side of the body and slurred speech?
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Which part of the nervous system is primarily affected by a blockage in blood vessels supplying the brain?
Which part of the nervous system is primarily affected by a blockage in blood vessels supplying the brain?
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Study Notes
Nervous System Anatomy and Function
- The nervous system controls and coordinates body functions through signals.
- It's divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).
- The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord.
- The PNS is further divided into the somatic nervous system (voluntary movements) and autonomic nervous system (involuntary activities).
Neuron Structure and Function
- Neurons are the basic cells of the nervous system.
- They have a cell body, dendrites, and an axon.
- Dendrites receive signals, and axons transmit them.
- Myelin sheath covers some axons, speeding up signal transmission.
- Myelinated axons form white matter, while unmyelinated ones form gray matter.
- Sensory neurons carry signals to the CNS, while motor neurons carry signals away from the CNS.
- Synapses are junctions between neurons where signals are passed using neurotransmitters.
Brain and Spinal Cord
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Brain:
- Cerebrum: Responsible for memory and reasoning.
- Diencephalon: Relays sensory information and controls hormones.
- Brainstem: Controls vital functions.
- Cerebellum: Coordinates movement and balance.
-
Spinal Cord:
- Extends from the brainstem to the lower back.
- Connects to 31 pairs of nerves for sensory and motor control.
Autonomic Nervous System
- Regulates involuntary activities, like controlling muscles, heart, and glands.
Nervous System Terminology
- Afferent: Carrying information towards the CNS (sensory neurons).
- Efferent: Carrying information away from the CNS (motor neurons).
- Autonomic Nervous System: Controls involuntary activities.
- Central Nervous System: Brain and spinal cord.
- Cerebrospinal Fluid: Fluid that circulates around the brain and spinal cord for protection.
- Synapse: Junction between two neurons or a neuron and a muscle or gland.
- Reflex: Automatic, rapid response to a stimulus.
- Neurotransmitter: Chemical that transmits signals across a synapse.
Root Words and Example Terms
-
neur/o, neur/i: Nervous system, nerve.
- Example: Neurotrophin (factor promoting nerve growth).
-
gli/o: Neuroglia (supporting cells of the nervous system).
- Example: Glial (pertaining to neuroglia).
-
gangli/o, ganglion/o: Ganglion.
- Example: Ganglioma (tumor of a ganglion).
-
mening/o, meninge/o: Meninges (membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord).
- Example: Meningocele (hernia of the meninges).
-
myel/o: Spinal cord (also bone marrow).
- Example: Hematomyelia (spinal cord hemorrhage).
-
encephal/o: Brain.
- Example: Anencephaly (absence of a brain).
-
narc/o: Stupor, unconsciousness.
- Example: Narcosis (state of stupor induced by drugs).
-
-phobia: Persistent, irrational fear.
- Example: Agoraphobia (fear of open spaces or crowds).
Related Terms
- Amyloid: Starch-like substance accumulating in the brain in diseases like Alzheimer's.
- Coma: Deep unconsciousness.
- Concussion: Brain injury caused by a blow or shock.
- Convulsion: Violent, involuntary muscle contractions.
- Dementia: Gradual, irreversible loss of intellectual function.
- Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain.
- Epilepsy: Chronic disease with seizures caused by sudden bursts of electric activity in the brain.
- Parkinsonism: Disorder characterized by slow movements, tremors, rigidity, and mask-like face.
- Paralysis: Loss of function, movement, or reflexes.
- Alzheimer's Disease: Dementia caused by cerebral cortex atrophy.
- Tremor: Shaking or involuntary movement.
- Anxiety: Feeling of fear, worry, or uneasiness.
- Schizophrenia: Severe mental disorder involving psychosis, delusions, hallucinations, and withdrawn behavior.
- Depression: Mental state characterized by sadness, emptiness, hopelessness, and lack of interest.
Diagnostic and Treatment Terms
- Electroencephalography (EEG): Recording and interpreting brain electrical activity.
- Cerebral Angiography: Radiographic study of brain blood vessels using contrast medium.
Case Study: Stroke
- A 52-year-old male experienced sudden weakness on the right side, slurred speech, and difficulty understanding speech.
- A CT scan revealed a blood vessel blockage in the brain.
- Most likely diagnosis: Stroke.
- Affected part of the nervous system: Central nervous system.
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Description
Explore the intricate anatomy and function of the nervous system in this quiz. Test your knowledge on the central and peripheral nervous systems, neuron structure, and their roles in body coordination. Gain insights into how neurons communicate and the significance of myelin in signal transmission.
