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Questions and Answers
What is the basic functional unit of the nervous system?
What is the basic functional unit of the nervous system?
Which structure is responsible for controlling involuntary activities in the body?
Which structure is responsible for controlling involuntary activities in the body?
What is the junction between two neurons called?
What is the junction between two neurons called?
What part of the brain is responsible for coordination and balance?
What part of the brain is responsible for coordination and balance?
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Which part of the nervous system is primarily affected in a case of a stroke?
Which part of the nervous system is primarily affected in a case of a stroke?
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What is the basic cell of the nervous system?
What is the basic cell of the nervous system?
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Which part of the nervous system is responsible for involuntary activities?
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for involuntary activities?
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What term describes an extreme, persistent fear?
What term describes an extreme, persistent fear?
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What is the term for a disorder characterized by seizures?
What is the term for a disorder characterized by seizures?
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Which structure in a neuron is responsible for sending signals away from the cell body?
Which structure in a neuron is responsible for sending signals away from the cell body?
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What covers some axons to help signals travel faster?
What covers some axons to help signals travel faster?
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What is formed by unmyelinated axons?
What is formed by unmyelinated axons?
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What is a collection of neuron cell bodies along a nerve pathway called?
What is a collection of neuron cell bodies along a nerve pathway called?
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What is the primary function of the cerebrum?
What is the primary function of the cerebrum?
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What does afferent mean in the context of the nervous system?
What does afferent mean in the context of the nervous system?
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Which part of the nervous system is responsible for involuntary activities?
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for involuntary activities?
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What is the main function of neurotransmitters?
What is the main function of neurotransmitters?
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What is the function of the spinal cord?
What is the function of the spinal cord?
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What does the term 'synapse' refer to?
What does the term 'synapse' refer to?
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Which condition is characterized by a series of violent, involuntary muscle contractions?
Which condition is characterized by a series of violent, involuntary muscle contractions?
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What is the meaning of the term 'neurology'?
What is the meaning of the term 'neurology'?
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What is Alzheimer's disease primarily caused by?
What is Alzheimer's disease primarily caused by?
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What does the term 'myel/o' refer to?
What does the term 'myel/o' refer to?
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Which diagnostic tool is used to record the brain's electrical activity?
Which diagnostic tool is used to record the brain's electrical activity?
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What is the primary role of the diencephalon?
What is the primary role of the diencephalon?
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What is paralysis?
What is paralysis?
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What does the term 'gli/o' refer to?
What does the term 'gli/o' refer to?
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Study Notes
Nervous System Anatomy
- Nervous system is divided into central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).
- CNS: brain and spinal cord
- PNS: somatic nervous system (controls voluntary movements) and autonomic nervous system (regulates involuntary activities).
Neuron Structure and Function
- Neuron: basic cell of nervous system
- Neuron parts: cell body, dendrites, axon.
- Dendrites bring signals to the cell body, axons send signals away.
- Myelin sheath: covers some axons, helps signals travel faster.
- Myelinated axons: make up white matter.
- Unmyelinated axons: form gray matter.
- Sensory neurons: send signals to CNS.
- Motor neurons: send signals away from CNS.
- Synapse: connection between two neurons for signal transmission using neurotransmitters.
Nerves
- Bundles of neuron fibers in the PNS.
- Ganglion: collection of neuron cell bodies along a nerve pathway.
- Mixed nerves carry both sensory and motor signals.
Brain and Spinal Cord
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Brain:
- Cerebrum: responsible for memory and reasoning.
- Diencephalon: relays sensory information and controls hormones.
- Brainstem: controls vital functions.
- Cerebellum: responsible for coordination and balance.
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Spinal Cord:
- Extends from the brainstem to the lower back.
- Connects to 31 pairs of nerves for sensory and motor control.
Autonomic Nervous System
- Regulates involuntary activities, controlling muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands.
- Also known as the visceral nervous system.
Nervous System Terminology
Normal Structure and Function Terms
- Afferent: Carrying towards a given point, like sensory neurons and nerves carrying signals to the CNS.
- Efferent: Carrying away from a given point, like motor neurons and nerves carrying signals away from the CNS.
- Autonomic nervous system: Regulates involuntary activities like muscle, cardiac muscle, and gland control.
- Central nervous system (CNS): Brain and spinal cord.
- Cerebrospinal fluid: Watery fluid that circulates in and around the brain and spinal cord for protection.
- Synapse: Junction between two neurons, where signal transmission occurs.
- Reflex: Simple, rapid, and automatic response to a stimulus.
- Neurotransmitter: Chemical that transmits energy across a synapse. Examples include norepinephrine.
Root Terms
- neur/o, neur/i: nerve. Example: Neurotrophin - factor that promotes nerve growth.
- gli/o: neuroglia. Example: Glial - pertaining to neuroglia.
- gangli/o, ganglion/o: ganglion. Example: Ganglioma - tumor of a ganglion.
- mening/o, meninge/o: meninges. Example: Meningocele - hernia of the meninges.
- myel/o: spinal cord (also bone marrow). Example: Hematomyelia - hemorrhage into the spinal cord.
- encephal/o: brain. Example: Anencephaly - absence of a brain.
- narc/o: stupor, unconsciousness. Example: Narcosis - state of stupor induced by drugs.
- -phobia: persistent, irrational fear. Example: Agoraphobia - fear of being in a public place.
Related Terms
- Amyloid: Starch-like substance that accumulates in the brain in Alzheimer's and other diseases.
- Coma: State of deep unconsciousness from which one cannot be roused.
- Concussion: Injury resulting from a violent blow or shock.
- Convulsion: Series of violent, involuntary muscle contractions.
- Dementia: Gradual and usually irreversible loss of intellectual function.
- Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain.
- Epilepsy: Chronic disease involving periodic sudden bursts of electric activity from the brain, resulting in seizures.
- Parkinsonism: Disorder originating in the brain’s basal ganglia characterized by slow movements, tremor, rigidity, and mask-like face.
- Paralysis: Temporary or permanent loss of function, movement or reflexes.
- Alzheimer disease: Form of dementia caused by atrophy of the cerebral cortex.
- Tremor: Shaking or involuntary movement.
- Anxiety: Feeling of fear, worry, uneasiness, or dread.
- Schizophrenia: Group of severe mental disorders with features of psychosis, delusions, hallucinations, and withdrawn or bizarre behavior.
- Depression: Mental state characterized by profound feelings of sadness, emptiness, hopelessness, and lack of interest or pleasure in activities.
Diagnostic and Treatment Terms
- Electroencephalography (EEG): Amplification, recording, and interpretation of the brain’s electric activity.
- Cerebral angiography: Radiographic study of the brain’s blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium.
Test Your Knowledge: Answers
- Neuron
- Autonomic nervous system
- Synapse
- Cerebellum
Match the following terms with definitions: Answers
- Synapse - b) Junction between two neurons
- Afferent - e) Carrying impulses toward the CNS
- Myelin - d) Fatty substance that insulates axons
- Reflex - c) Involuntary response to a stimulus
- Efferent - a) Carrying impulses away from the CNS
Study the case and answer the following questions: Answers
- Most likely diagnosis: b) Stroke
- Part of the nervous system affected: c) Central nervous system
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Description
This quiz explores the structure and function of the nervous system, including the central and peripheral systems. It covers neuron anatomy, nerve types, and the roles of sensory and motor neurons. Test your knowledge on how signals are transmitted within the nervous system.
