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Questions and Answers
What is the basic cell of the nervous system?
What is the basic cell of the nervous system?
Which part of the nervous system controls involuntary activities?
Which part of the nervous system controls involuntary activities?
What is an extreme, persistent fear called?
What is an extreme, persistent fear called?
Which type of neuron sends signals to the central nervous system?
Which type of neuron sends signals to the central nervous system?
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What is the term for a collection of neuron cell bodies along a nerve pathway?
What is the term for a collection of neuron cell bodies along a nerve pathway?
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Myelinated axons form which type of matter in the nervous system?
Myelinated axons form which type of matter in the nervous system?
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In what part of the nervous system do voluntary movements occur?
In what part of the nervous system do voluntary movements occur?
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What are neurotransmitters used for in the nervous system?
What are neurotransmitters used for in the nervous system?
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Which system is responsible for coordinating body activities by transmitting signals?
Which system is responsible for coordinating body activities by transmitting signals?
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What do unmyelinated axons primarily form in the nervous system?
What do unmyelinated axons primarily form in the nervous system?
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What type of signals do mixed nerves carry?
What type of signals do mixed nerves carry?
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What does the autonomic nervous system control?
What does the autonomic nervous system control?
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What is the role of neurotransmitters?
What is the role of neurotransmitters?
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Which part of the nervous system is referred to as the central nervous system?
Which part of the nervous system is referred to as the central nervous system?
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What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid?
What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid?
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Which term describes a disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions?
Which term describes a disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions?
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What is the definition of a reflex?
What is the definition of a reflex?
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Which of the following describes paralysis?
Which of the following describes paralysis?
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What typically signifies a concussion?
What typically signifies a concussion?
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Which diagnostic tool is used to study the brain's electrical activity?
Which diagnostic tool is used to study the brain's electrical activity?
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What is the basic functional unit of the nervous system?
What is the basic functional unit of the nervous system?
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Which structure is responsible for controlling involuntary activities in the body?
Which structure is responsible for controlling involuntary activities in the body?
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What is the junction between two neurons called?
What is the junction between two neurons called?
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What part of the brain is responsible for coordination and balance?
What part of the brain is responsible for coordination and balance?
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Which term refers to carrying impulses away from the CNS?
Which term refers to carrying impulses away from the CNS?
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Which term describes a fatty substance that insulates axons?
Which term describes a fatty substance that insulates axons?
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What is an involuntary response to a stimulus called?
What is an involuntary response to a stimulus called?
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What is the most likely diagnosis for a patient with sudden weakness on one side and slurred speech?
What is the most likely diagnosis for a patient with sudden weakness on one side and slurred speech?
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Which part of the nervous system is primarily affected by a blockage in the blood vessels supplying the brain?
Which part of the nervous system is primarily affected by a blockage in the blood vessels supplying the brain?
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What is the term for carrying impulses toward the CNS?
What is the term for carrying impulses toward the CNS?
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Study Notes
Nervous System Anatomy and Function
- The nervous system is the body's control and communication network, transmitting signals between different parts.
- It's divided into the central nervous system (CNS), comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which connects the CNS to the rest of the body.
- The PNS is further divided into the somatic nervous system, controlling voluntary movements, and the autonomic nervous system, regulating involuntary activities.
Neuron Structure and Function
- The neuron is the basic unit of the nervous system, composed of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon.
- Dendrites receive signals and bring them to the cell body, while axons send signals away from the cell body.
- Myelin, a fatty substance, covers some axons, speeding up signal transmission. Myelinated axons form white matter, while unmyelinated axons form gray matter.
- Sensory neurons transmit signals to the CNS, while motor neurons send them away.
- A synapse is the junction between two neurons where signals are passed using neurotransmitters.
Brain and Spinal Cord
- The brain controls higher functions like memory, reasoning, sensory relay, hormone control, and vital functions.
- The spinal cord extends from the brainstem to the lower back, connecting to 31 pairs of nerves for sensory and motor control.
- The cerebrum is responsible for memory and reasoning.
- The diencephalon relays sensory information and controls hormones.
- The brainstem controls vital functions.
- The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance.
Autonomic Nervous System
- This system regulates involuntary activities like heart rate, breathing, digestion, and gland secretions.
- It further divides into the sympathetic nervous system, which prepares the body for "fight or flight" responses, and the parasympathetic nervous system, which promotes rest and recovery.
Nervous System Terminology
- Afferent: Carrying signals towards a point, like sensory neurons carrying signals to the CNS (root fer means "to carry").
- Efferent: Carrying signals away from a point, like motor neurons carrying signals away from the CNS (root fer means "to carry").
- Autonomic nervous system: Controls involuntary activities, regulating muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands.
- Central nervous system (CNS): Comprises the brain and spinal cord.
- Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): Watery fluid circulating in and around the brain and spinal cord, providing protection and cushioning.
- Synapse: Junction between two neurons, allowing signal transmission.
- Reflex: Simple, automatic response to a stimulus.
- Neurotransmitter: Chemical that transmits signals across a synapse. Examples include norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin.
Common Medical Terms
- Gli/o: neuroglia. Example: Glial pertains to neuroglia.
- Gangli/o, ganglion/o: ganglion. Example: Ganglioma is a tumor of a ganglion.
- Mening/o, meninge/o: meninges. Example: Meningocele is a hernia of the meninges.
- Myel/o: spinal cord and bone marrow. Example: Hematomyelia is a hemorrhage into the spinal cord.
- Encephal/o: brain. Example: Anencephaly is the absence of a brain.
- Narc/o: stupor, unconsciousness. Example: Narcosis is a state of stupor induced by drugs.
- -phobia: persistent, irrational fear. Example: Agoraphobia is a fear of being in a public place.
Disorders and Conditions
- Amyloid: Starch-like substance accumulating in the brain in Alzheimer's and other diseases.
- Coma: State of deep unconsciousness, from which one cannot be roused.
- Concussion: Injury caused by a blow or shock, often resulting in loss of consciousness.
- Convulsion: Series of violent, involuntary muscle contractions.
- Dementia: Gradual and usually irreversible loss of intellectual function.
- Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain.
- Epilepsy: Chronic disease with periodic bursts of electrical activity in the brain, leading to seizures.
- Parkinsonism: Disorder affecting the basal ganglia, characterized by slow movement, tremor, rigidity, and mask-like face.
- Paralysis: Temporary or permanent loss of function, movement, or reflexes.
- Alzheimer disease: Form of dementia caused by cerebral cortex atrophy.
- Tremor: Shaking or involuntary movement.
- Anxiety: Feeling of fear, worry, uneasiness, or dread.
- Schizophrenia: Severe mental disorder characterized by psychosis, delusions, hallucinations, and withdrawn or bizarre behavior.
- Depression: Mental state of profound sadness, emptiness, hopelessness, and lack of interest or pleasure.
Diagnostic and Treatment Terms
- Electroencephalography (EEG): Amplification, recording, and interpretation of brain electrical activity.
- Cerebral angiography: Radiographic study of brain blood vessels after contrast medium injection.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the anatomy and functions of the nervous system, including the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as neuron structure. Explore the differences between myelinated and unmyelinated axons and the roles of various types of neurons. Test your knowledge on how these components work together to control bodily functions.
