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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of Schwann cells in the nervous system?
What is the main function of Schwann cells in the nervous system?
The eccrine sweat gland is responsible for producing hair follicles.
The eccrine sweat gland is responsible for producing hair follicles.
False
Which type of skin cancer develops from the stratum spinosum and is likely to metastasize if untreated?
Which type of skin cancer develops from the stratum spinosum and is likely to metastasize if untreated?
squamous cell carcinoma
The outermost layer of the epidermis composed of dead flattened keratinocytes is called the ______.
The outermost layer of the epidermis composed of dead flattened keratinocytes is called the ______.
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Match the following tissues with their functions:
Match the following tissues with their functions:
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Which structure carries motor information from the spinal cord to the effectors?
Which structure carries motor information from the spinal cord to the effectors?
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The cerebellum is primarily responsible for controlling autonomic functions like heart rate and respiration.
The cerebellum is primarily responsible for controlling autonomic functions like heart rate and respiration.
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What are the three main structures that make up the diencephalon?
What are the three main structures that make up the diencephalon?
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________ is the neurotransmitter released into the synaptic cleft to transmit nerve impulses.
________ is the neurotransmitter released into the synaptic cleft to transmit nerve impulses.
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Match each part of the nervous system with its primary function:
Match each part of the nervous system with its primary function:
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What is the primary function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
What is the primary function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
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Depolarization in a neuron is caused by the efflux of potassium ions.
Depolarization in a neuron is caused by the efflux of potassium ions.
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List the order of a reflex arc in a withdrawal reflex.
List the order of a reflex arc in a withdrawal reflex.
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What is the primary function of dendrites in neurons?
What is the primary function of dendrites in neurons?
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Apocrine glands are primarily located in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
Apocrine glands are primarily located in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
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What is the significance of the lumbar puncture being performed between L3 and L4?
What is the significance of the lumbar puncture being performed between L3 and L4?
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The chambers of the eye filled with _ are known as the posterior chamber.
The chambers of the eye filled with _ are known as the posterior chamber.
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Match the hormones with their respective gland:
Match the hormones with their respective gland:
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Which layer of skin is affected by a 2nd degree burn?
Which layer of skin is affected by a 2nd degree burn?
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The optic nerve is associated with communication to the occipital lobe.
The optic nerve is associated with communication to the occipital lobe.
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What structure initiates the action potential in a neuron?
What structure initiates the action potential in a neuron?
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Study Notes
Nervous System
- Tiny gaps between Schwann cells are called neurofibril nodes.
- Dendrites extend from neurons to receive signals from other neurons and transmit them to the cell body.
- Lumbar punctures are performed between L3 and L4 to obtain CSF with minimal risk to the spinal cord.
- The posterior chamber of the eye is filled with vitreous humor.
- Optic nerve communicates with the occipital lobe.
- Neurotransmitters travel across a synapse (see PowerPoint slide).
- Axon hillock initializes action potential.
- Apocrine glands are in axillary and genital regions.
- Thick skin contains: palms, soles of feet, stratum lucidum and eccrine sweat glands.
- Gray horns, white columns, and central canals are associated with the spinal cord.
Endocrine System
- Endocrine glands regulate growth and metabolism, and are ductless glands.
- Secretions of endocrine glands are called hormones.
- Anterior pituitary gland secretes LH, TSH, and prolactin.
- Adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens.
- Pineal gland secretes melatonin and regulates circadian rhythms (responds to light and darkness).
- Arrector pili muscles cause goosebumps in cold temperatures.
- First-degree burns affect the epidermis; second-degree burns affect epidermis and dermis; third-degree burns affect all layers.
- Cranial meninges in order: dura mater, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, pia mater
- Acromegaly is due to excess growth hormone, while diabetes insipidus is due to ADH deficiency.
- Hashimoto's disease leads to weight gain, cold sensitivity, neck swelling, goiter, and hoarse voice, with elevated TSH and reduced T4.
- Testosterone secretion is stimulated by LH from the testes.
- Alpha cells of pancreas secrete glucagon, beta cells secrete insulin.
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH) raises blood calcium levels, while calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels.
- Thyroxine (T4) impacts metabolic rate and body temperature.
Additional Information
- Oxytocin promotes uterine contractions and milk ejection, produced by hypothalamus.
- Target organs for hormones include TSH (thyroid gland), ACTH (adrenal cortex), GH (muscles and bones), PRl (mammary glands), LH (gonads).
- Anterior pituitary is adenohypophysis; posterior pituitary is neurohypophysis.
- ACTH deficiency leads to weight loss, lack of appetite, weakness, nausea, and vomiting.
- Hypothalamus maintains homeostasis and controls pituitary gland via releasing and inhibiting hormones.
- Insulin is a protein hormone; thyroxine (T4) is an amine hormone; cortisol is a steroid hormone.
- Endocrine system regulates growth, development, metabolism, and energy production, maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance.
- Broca's area is linked to forming speech, while acetylathetic is linked to decreasing heart rate.
- Different cranial nerves impact various bodily functions (hearing, balance, muscles).
- Medulla oblongata controls heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration.
- Diencephalon contains thalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus.
- Corpus callosum connects brain hemispheres.
- Frontal lobe is for reasoning, temporal lobe is for hearing, precentral gyrus is for motor cortex.
- CSF transports nutrients and waste through the brain.
- Blood-brain barrier protects brain from harmful substances.
- Spinal cord white matter contains myelinated axons.
- Multiple sclerosis involves immune system attack on nervous system, causing demyelination.
- Cochlea and semicircular canals are for hearing and balance.
- Eustachian tube equalizes pressure between middle ear and outside air.
- Iris regulates pupil size.
- Reflex arc order: receptor, sensory neuron, interneurons, motor neuron, effector.
- Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter which is released into the synaptic cleft to transmit impulses.
- "All or none" principle for nerve impulses.
- Depolarization causes sodium channel opening and sodium influx.
- Bipolar neurons are for vision and olfaction.
- Ependymal glial cells produce cerebrospinal fluid.
- Schwann cells form myelin sheath around axons.
Skin and related Structures
- Acne is caused by overproduction and accumulation of sebum from sebaceous glands.
- UV radiation increases skin cancer risk.
- Collagen provides structure and tensile strength to the dermis.
- Melanocytes are located in the stratum basale of the epidermis.
- Stratum corneum is the outer layer of the epidermis, primarily dead keratinocytes, responsible for waterproofing and preventing moisture loss.
- Subcutaneous tissue contains abundant adipose tissue.
- Keratin is a tough protein providing a protective layer on skin.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the nervous and endocrine systems with this quiz! Topics covered include neuron structure, hormone functions, and the anatomy of the spinal cord and brain. Perfect for students studying biology or health sciences.
