Final Exam Study Guide PDF

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW to PASS your FINAL EXAM: 1.You should know that the tiny gaps between Schwann cells are called neurofibril nodes. 2. You should know that dendrites are extensions of neurons receive incoming from other neurons signals and transmit them towards the cell body. 3. You should know...

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW to PASS your FINAL EXAM: 1.You should know that the tiny gaps between Schwann cells are called neurofibril nodes. 2. You should know that dendrites are extensions of neurons receive incoming from other neurons signals and transmit them towards the cell body. 3. You should know that to obtain CSF a lumbar puncture is performed between L3 and L4 because there is minimal risk to damaging the spinal cord. 4. You should know that the posterior chamber of the eye is filled with vitreous humor 5. You should know that the cranial nerve that communicates with the occipital lobe is the optic nerve. 6. You should know the path a neurotransmitter takes across a synapse (see Power Point Slide) 7. You should know that the resting membrane potential establishes the baseline electrical state for neurons. 8. You should know that the region that the action potential is initialized is at the axon hillock. 9. You should know where apocrine glands are in the body that is in the axillary and genital regions. 10. You should know the layers of the skin that contain thick skin: palms of the hands, soles of the feet, stratum lucidum, eccrine sweat glands. 11. Know that these terms gray horn, white column, and central canal are associated with the spinal cord. 12. Know that endocrine glands regulate growth and metabolism, they are ductless glands, and the substances they secrete are referred to as hormones. 13. There are 3 hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland: LH, TSH, and prolactin. 14. There are 3 hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex: glucocorticoids; mineralocorticoids; and androgens 15. Know functions of the pineal gland: secretes melatonin; responds to light and darkness; responsible for circadian rhythms 16. Know the structure responsible for goosebumps in cold temperatures is arrector pili, on a diagram of skin. 17. Know the types of burns and which layers are affected: ex 1st degree burn affects epidermis; 2nd degree; third degree? 18. Know the correct order of spinal nerves CTLS 19. You should know the order of the cranial meninges and subarachnoid space filled w/CSF is dura mater; arachnoid mater; subarachnoid space; pia mater 20. Know the affects of acromegaly is due the excess of growth hormone 21. A client with diabetes insipidus is due to deficiency of ADH 22. You should know that the effects of Hashimoto’s disease are weight gain, cold sensitivity, neck swelling, goiter, hoarse voice, elevated TSH, and reduced T4 23. You should know that testosterone is secreted from testes when stimulated by LH 1 24. You should know that the hormone secreted by alpha cells of the pancreas is glucagon and the beta cells secrete insulin. 25. You should know the hormone that raises blood calcium levels is PTH 26. And the hormone that lowers blood calcium levels is calcitonin. 27. The hormone that sets metabolic rate and impacts body temperature is T4 thyroxine 28. You should know all that’s true of oxytocin is that it promotes uterine contractions; is produced by the hypothalamus; and promotes ejection of milk from mammary glands, it is not stored in the anterior pituitary gland. 29. You need to know the target organs for these hormones TSH (thyroid gland); ACTH (adrenal cortex), GH (muscles and bones) PRL (mammary gland) LH (gonad) 30. The anterior pituitary gland is called the adenohypophysis; the posterior pituitary is called the neurohypophysis. (there is a trick spelling… watch for it!) 31. You should know a deficiency in ACTH results in weight loss; lack of appetite; weakness; nausea; vomiting and low blood pressure. 32. Know that the hypothalamus serves as a bridge between the nervous system and endocrine system because it sends chemical messages to control the pituitary gland 33. You need to know the hypothalamus maintains homeostasis by secreting releasing (RH) and inhibiting (IH) hormones. 34. Know that insulin is a protein hormone; amine hormone is thyroxine (T4) and a steroid hormone is cortisol. 35.Know that a primary function of the endocrine system is NOT to control reflex actions but it does regulate growth and development; metabolism and energy production and maintains fluid and electrolyte balance. 36. Know if Broca’s area is affected by a stroke a client will struggle with forming coherent speech 37. Know the sympathetic system increases heart rate; acetylathetic decreases heart rate. 38. Know that if you’re nervous your sympathetic nervous system is in this state. 39. Know that the vestibulocochlear CN related to hearing and balance; that accessory CN affects movement of trapezius muscle; that the vagus CN affects adjusts the functions of heart, bronchi, GI tract; and the trochlear CN involved with movement of the superior oblique muscle of the eye. 40. Know that motor and sensory describes spinal nerves. 41. Identify the structure of the PNS that carries motor information from the spinal cord to the effectors. (see diagram) 42. Know the structure that is responsible for muscle movement and balance control: the cerebellum 2 43. Know that the medulla oblongata controls autonomic functions of the heart rate, blood pressure and respiration 44. Know that the diencephalon contains the thalamus, the epithalamus and the hypothalamus. 45. You need to know that the corpus callosum connects the two cerebral hemispheres. 46. You need to know that the frontal lobe is for reasoning and the temporal lobe is for hearing. 47. You should know that the precentral gyrus, anterior to the central sulcus contains the motor cortex 48. Need to know CSF primary function is to transport nutrients and waste products. 49. You need to know the primary function of the BBB is to protect the brain from harmful substances and pathogens in the bloodstream. 50. You need to know that white matter in the spinal cord contains myelinated axons. 51. Know that multiple sclerosis is a condition where the immune system attacks the nervous system leading to demyelination of nerve fibers. 52. You should know that the cochlea translates sound into electrical impulses to provide a sense of hearing and the semicircular canals provide sense of balance 53. Know that the Eustachian tube allows the middle ear to communicate with nasopharynx and permits air pressure to be equalized between the middle ear and the outside air. 54. Know that the iris regulates the amount of light that enters the eye through the pupil, 55. You should know the order of a reflex arc in a withdrawal reflex: receptor, sensory neuron, interneurons, motor neurons, effector. 56. A rapid, involuntary response to a specific stimulus is the definition of a reflex. 57. You should know that acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released into the synaptic cleft to transmit nerve impulses. 58. Know that the “all or none” principle states that all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold produces identical action potentials. 59. Know that depolarization occurs due to the opening of sodium channels and influx of sodium ions which leads to a reduction in intracellular negativity with a neuron 60. You need to know that a bipolar neuron is primarily utilized in vision and olfactory special senses. 61. Ependymal glial cells are responsible for lining the ventricles of the brain and producing cerebrospinal fluid. 62. Know that Schwann cells are responsible for forming the myelin sheath around axons 63. Sending signals to muscles and glands is a function of the efferent division of the nervous system. 64. The division of the ANS that’s dominant during rest, digest and relaxation is the parasympathetic NS. 65. Know that squamous cell carcinoma is a type of skin cancer that develops from the stratum spinosum and is likely to metastasize if left untreated. 3 66. Know that painful and inflammatory condition of acne is due to the overproduction and accumulation of sebum produced by the sebaceous gland in hair follicles. 67. You need to know that the single most important risk for skin cancer is overexposure to UV radiation. 68. Structure E is the eccrine sweat gland, know this gland! 69. You should know that collagen provides structure and tensile strength to the dermis 70. Know all of the following are found in the dermis except the stratum corneum. 71. Need to know that melanocytes are cells found in the stratum basale of the epidermis. 72. You need to know that the outermost layer of the epidermis primarily composed of dead flattened keratinocytes responsible for waterproofing the skin is the stratum corneum. 73. Know that if you pierce the epidermal layer of the forearm it would go in the order of corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale. 74. A mixed up microscope slide in a lab is unlabeled, the slide containing abundant adipose tissue should be labeled as subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis). 75. And know that the tough protein with skin that prevents it from soaking up moisture like a sponge is keratin! GOOD LUCK: Study this very well, and you should see successful results on your final exam!! 4