195 Questions
What is the primary control center for processing and transmitting information throughout the body?
Brain
Which part of the nervous system consists of cranial and spinal nerves?
Peripheral nervous system
What is the role of effectors in the nervous system?
Respond to stimuli
What refers to the gaps between neurons where impulses pass via neurotransmitters?
Synapses
Which part of the nervous system regulates involuntary bodily functions?
Sympathetic nervous system
What does white matter in the brain and spinal cord mainly consist of?
Myelinated axons
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for coordinating all voluntary movements and maintaining balance?
Cerebellum
What is the main function of the hypothalamus in the brain?
Maintaining homeostasis
Which type of neurons detect stimuli and transmit impulses from sense organs to the spinal cord and brain?
Sensory (Afferent) Neurons
What is the role of the spinal cord in the central nervous system?
Transmitting sensory information from the body to the brain
What is the function of a receptor in a reflex arc?
Converts stimulus into an impulse
Which part of the central nervous system controls involuntary actions like heartbeat and breathing?
Medulla Oblongata
Which component of a reflex arc carries the impulse from the receptor to the spinal cord?
Sensory Neuron
What does the peripheral nervous system control?
Voluntary muscles
What is the significance of synapses in a reflex arc?
Directs the nerve impulse through the correct pathway
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by:
Memory loss and confusion
What is the role of neurons in the nervous system?
Carry information through electrical and chemical signals
Which receptors detect changes in touch or pressure?
Mechanoreceptors in the skin
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for preparing the body for emergency situations?
Sympathetic Nervous System
What is the main function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Decreases heart rate and narrows bronchioles
Which type of neurons transmit impulses from the sense organs to the spinal cord and brain?
Sensory Neurons
What is the main role of interneurons in the nervous system?
Link sensory neurons to motor neurons
Which part of a neuron covers the axon, speeds up transmission of electrical impulses, and provides insulation?
Myelin Sheath
Where does the connection between neurons occur?
Synapse
What is the function of the ciliary body in the human eye?
Alters the lens shape for accommodation
Which part of the eye is responsible for maintaining the cornea's shape and assisting in light refraction?
Aqueous Humour
What is the function of the optic nerve in the human eye?
Transmits impulses from the retina to the brain
Which part of the human eye is responsible for allowing light to pass through and causing refraction to create an image on the retina?
Cornea
What is binocular vision used for?
Providing depth perception and a wider field of vision
In reflex actions, which part of the nervous system allows for a quick response without involving the brain?
Reflex Arc passing through the spinal cord
What happens to the ciliary muscles when viewing objects further than 6 meters?
They relax, causing the lens to become less convex.
What is the role of the iris in adjusting the pupil size?
Contracting the pupil in bright light and expanding it in dim light.
Which visual defect is characterized by the inability to see distant objects clearly?
Short-sightedness
What is the main function of the Eustachian tube?
Equalize pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane.
How are sound waves transmitted from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear?
Amplified by the hammer (malleus), anvil (incus), and stirrup (stapes).
Which part of the inner ear contains structures filled with perilymph fluid?
Cochlea
What function do cristae in the semi-circular canals serve?
Detect changes in body speed and direction.
What is a common treatment for middle ear infection?
Insertion of grommets into the tympanic membrane.
What causes deafness according to the text?
Injury to nerves or brain areas responsible for hearing.
How are visual defects like cataracts corrected?
By surgical removal of cloudy lens and replacement with a synthetic lens.
What is the main function of the autonomic nervous system?
Respond to changes in the internal environment to maintain homeostasis
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the 'rest and digest' response?
Parasympathetic Nervous System
What is the role of adrenaline in the body's response to stress?
Prepares the body for 'fight or flight' situations
Which type of neurons transmit impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effectors like muscles and glands?
Motor Neurons
What is the function of dendrites in a neuron?
Receive signals from other neurons and transmit impulses towards the cell body
Where does the connection between neurons occur for the transmission of signals?
Synapse
What is the main function of the autonomic nervous system?
Preparing the body for emergency situations
Why is grey matter important in the nervous system?
It comprises cell bodies and dendrites
What is the role of synapses in the nervous system?
Transmitting impulses between neurons
Which part of the nervous system specifically controls involuntary bodily functions like heart rate and digestion?
Parasympathetic nervous system
What do receptors do in the nervous system?
Detect stimuli and convert them into impulses
What is the primary function of the cerebellum in the brain?
Coordinating all voluntary movements and maintaining balance
Which part of the brain acts as a control center for autonomic functions like hunger, thirst, and emotions?
Hypothalamus
What is the main role of interneurons in the nervous system?
Connecting sensory and motor neurons
Which system controls voluntary muscles and conscious movements in response to the external environment?
Somatic Nervous System
What is the function of motor (efferent) neurons in the nervous system?
Facilitate responses to stimuli by transmitting impulses to muscles and glands
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for coordination of reflexes independently from the brain?
Spinal Cord
What is the role of interneurons in a reflex arc?
Carries the impulse from the sensory neuron to the motor neuron
Which component of the nervous system is primarily responsible for coordinating all voluntary movements and maintaining balance?
Motor Neurons
What is the main function of receptors in the nervous system?
Convert stimuli into nerve impulses
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by progressive brain cell death leading to symptoms such as memory loss and confusion. What age group typically experiences symptoms of Alzheimer's?
Adults over 60 years old
What is the significance of synapses in a reflex arc?
They allow for quick and automatic responses without involving the brain
What is the primary function of effectors in a reflex arc?
Produce responses like muscle contractions or gland secretions
What is the primary function of the choroid in the human eye?
Absorb light to prevent reflection
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for coordinating voluntary movements and balance?
Somatic nervous system
In reflex actions, what is the role of interneurons?
Process information in the spinal cord
What is the main function of the optic nerve in the human eye?
Transmit impulses from the retina to the brain
Which division of the human nervous system controls involuntary actions like heartbeat and digestion?
Autonomic nervous system
What happens to the ciliary muscles when viewing objects further than 6 meters?
They relax, allowing the lens to change shape for near vision
What visual defect is characterized by blurred vision due to uneven curvature of the cornea or lens?
Astigmatism
How are visual defects like long-sightedness (Hyperopia) corrected?
By wearing convex lenses
Which part of the human eye maintains the shape of the cornea and assists in light refraction?
Ciliary muscles
What is a common treatment for clouding of the lens in the eye, known as cataracts?
Surgical removal of the cloudy lens and replacement with a synthetic lens
Which component of the ear detects changes in body speed and direction to help maintain balance?
Cristae in semi-circular canals
What is the function of the Eustachian tube in the human ear?
Equalizing pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane
In the human ear, what is responsible for transmitting and amplifying vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear?
Ossicles
What part of the eye controls the amount of light entering by adjusting pupil size?
Iris
What part of the human eye becomes less convex beyond 6 meters to reduce light refraction?
Lens
Which structure in the ear contains little hairs and wax to prevent foreign bodies from entering?
Auditory canal
Which division of the human nervous system is responsible for regulating involuntary bodily functions like heart rate and digestion?
Autonomic nervous system
What are the key components that respond to stimuli in the nervous system?
Effectors
In the human nervous system, what is the function of grey matter?
Comprise cell bodies and dendrites
What is the main role of synapses in the human nervous system?
Transmit impulses
Which type of neurons specifically transmit impulses from the spinal cord and brain to muscles and glands?
Motor neurons
What is the primary function of the peripheral nervous system in the human body?
Control involuntary bodily functions
What is the primary function of the cerebrum in the brain?
Interpreting sensations from sense organs
Which part of the brain is crucial for maintaining balance and muscle tension?
Cerebellum
What is the role of interneurons in the nervous system?
Connecting sensory and motor neurons
Which neurons transmit impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effectors like muscles and glands?
Motor (Efferent) Neurons
What is the main role of the spinal cord in the central nervous system?
Coordinating reflexes independently from the brain
Which part of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for controlling voluntary muscles?
Somatic Nervous System
What is the main function of a receptor in a reflex arc?
Converts stimuli into electrical signals
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for 'fight or flight' responses?
Sympathetic Nervous System
Which component of a reflex arc carries the impulse from the sensory neuron to the motor neuron?
Interneuron
What is the function of the myelin sheath in a neuron?
Speeds up transmission of electrical impulses
Which part of the neuron contains the nucleus and cytoplasm, maintaining its health and functionality?
Cell Body
How do synapses contribute to the functioning of a reflex arc?
Direct nerve impulses
What is the primary role of neurons in the nervous system?
Transmit electrical signals
What is the primary function of sensory neurons in the nervous system?
Carrying impulses towards the central nervous system
What is the role of interneurons in the nervous system?
Process information and determine responses
In a reflex action, what is the significance of involving an interneuron between the sensory neuron and motor neuron?
Coordinates impulse transmission
What is the main function of the autonomic nervous system?
Maintaining homeostasis in the body
How do effectors contribute to the execution of a reflex action?
Produce responses like muscle contraction
What is the function of the choroid in the human eye?
To absorb light to prevent reflection and supply nutrients to the retina
Which part of the human eye contributes to maintaining the eyeball's shape and plays a minor role in light refraction?
Vitreous Humour
What is the primary role of the optic nerve in the human eye?
To transmit impulses from the retina to the brain
What is the primary function of the ciliary body in the human eye?
Altering lens shape for focusing
Which part of a neuron is responsible for transmitting the impulse to other neurons or effectors?
Axon
What is the main role of effectors in the nervous system?
Respond to impulses sent by the nervous system
What happens to the ciliary muscles when viewing objects further than 6 meters?
They relax to make the lens less convex.
Which visual defect is characterized by blurred vision due to an uneven curvature of the cornea or lens?
Astigmatism
How is long-sightedness, or Hyperopia, corrected?
By wearing convex lenses.
What is the purpose of the Eustachian tube in the human ear?
To equalize pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane.
Which part of the ear contains structures that detect changes in body speed and direction?
Semi-circular canals
What is the function of the maculae in the sacculus and utriculus of the inner ear?
To detect changes in head position relative to gravity.
How are middle ear infections typically treated?
By inserting grommets into the tympanic membrane.
What is a common cause of deafness?
Injury to ear tissues like ossicles.
What is the primary function of grey matter in the brain and spinal cord?
Consisting of cell bodies and dendrites
Which division of the peripheral nervous system regulates involuntary bodily functions?
Sympathetic system
What is the main role of effectors in the nervous system?
Responding to stimuli
Which part of the nervous system specifically controls voluntary muscle movements and balance?
Somatic system
What is the significance of synapses in transmitting impulses between neurons?
Passing impulses between nerve cells
What is the main function of white matter in the brain and spinal cord?
Consisting of myelinated axons
Which component of a reflex arc is responsible for converting a stimulus into an impulse?
Receptor
What is the primary function of an interneuron in the spinal cord during a reflex action?
Transmit impulses to the motor neuron
In a reflex arc, what is the role of an effector?
Produce a response to the impulse
During nerve impulse transmission, which structure ensures the speed and efficiency of the response in a reflex arc?
Synapse
Which disorder is characterized by brain cell death causing symptoms like memory loss and confusion, typically observed after the age of 60?
Alzheimer's disease
What age group typically experiences symptoms of Multiple sclerosis (MS)?
20-40 years old
What is the primary function of the Corpus Callosum in the brain?
Facilitating communication between the left and right hemispheres
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for controlling conscious movements and sensory information processing from the external environment?
Somatic Nervous System
Which part of the brain is crucial for maintaining balance, muscle tension, and ensuring smooth body movements?
Cerebellum
What is the role of Interneurons in the nervous system?
Connecting sensory and motor neurons, playing crucial roles in neural signal interpretation
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for processing all neural signals in the body and coordinating voluntary muscle movements?
Central Nervous System
What is the function of Motor (Efferent) Neurons in the nervous system?
Transmitting impulses from the brain to muscles and glands for response facilitation
What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
Prepares the body for emergency situations
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is known for the 'fight or flight' response?
Sympathetic Nervous System
What is the main role of dendrites in a neuron?
Receive signals from other neurons
Which part of a neuron fills the cell body and supports various cellular processes?
Cytoplasm
What is the main function of motor (efferent) neurons in the nervous system?
Respond to stimuli by transmitting impulses to effectors
Which structure in the autonomic nervous system is responsible for decreasing heart rate and increasing peristalsis?
Parasympathetic Nervous System
What is the main function of the rods and cones in the human eye?
Detecting light and color
Which part of the nervous system plays a minor role in light refraction in the eye?
Vitreous humour
What is the primary function of the ciliary muscles in the eye?
Changing the shape of the lens
Where do reflex actions pass through to allow for a quick response without involving the brain?
Interneurons in the spinal cord
Which part of the brain and spinal cord is primarily responsible for processing and interpreting sensory information?
Central nervous system (CNS)
What is the primary role of the optic nerve in the human eye?
Transmitting impulses to the brain for image interpretation
What is the primary function of the Eustachian tube in the human ear?
To equalize pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane
What is the primary cause of short-sightedness (Myopia)?
Inability to see distant objects clearly
How are middle ear infections typically treated?
Insertion of grommets (draining tubes) into the tympanic membrane
In which part of the human ear are structures filled with perilymph fluid located?
Vestibule
What is the main function of the organ of Corti in the human ear?
Convert sound into nerve impulses
Which part of the eye is responsible for controlling the amount of light entering the eye?
Iris
What visual defect results from blurred vision due to uneven curvature of the cornea or lens?
Astigmatism
In dim light conditions, what happens to the radial muscles in the human eye?
They contract
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for preparing the body for emergency situations?
Sympathetic Nervous System
What is the significance of an interneuron in a reflex arc?
To integrate and process the nerve impulse within the spinal cord
What is the main function of the myelin sheath in a neuron?
Speeding up the transmission of electrical impulses and providing insulation
Which disorder is characterized by the immune system attacking the myelin sheath covering neurons?
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
In the context of neurons, what is the role of interneurons?
Link sensory neurons to motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord
What is the primary function of receptors in the nervous system?
To detect changes in the environment
Which component of a neuron carries impulses towards the central nervous system?
Dendrites
How do synapses contribute to the functioning of a reflex arc?
By allowing direction of nerve impulses through correct pathways
What is the primary role of the nucleus in a neuron?
Controlling the metabolism and activities of the neuron
What do effectors do in a reflex arc?
Produce a response by muscles or glands
Which part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for decreasing heart rate?
Parasympathetic Nervous System
In what age range does Alzheimer's disease typically show symptoms?
After 60 years old
Which part of the brain is responsible for maintaining balance and muscle tension?
Cerebellum
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in the brain?
Regulating autonomic functions like hunger and body temperature
Which type of neuron transmits signals from the brain and spinal cord to effectors like muscles and glands?
Motor (Efferent) Neurons
What is the main role of neurons in the central nervous system?
Transmitting neural signals throughout the body
Which part of the central nervous system allows communication between the left and right hemispheres of the brain?
Corpus Callosum
What is the role of spinal nerves in the peripheral nervous system?
Transmitting sensory information to the brain
What is the main function of the choroid layer in the human eye?
To prevent reflection and supply nutrients to the retina
In the human eye, what is the role of the optic nerve?
Transmit impulses from the retina to the brain for image interpretation
What part of a neuron is responsible for transmitting the impulse to other neurons or effectors?
Axon
Which division of the nervous system controls involuntary bodily functions like heart rate?
Autonomic Nervous System
What happens to the lens when viewing objects closer than 6 meters?
The lens becomes more convex
Which part of the human eye is responsible for maintaining the shape of the eyeball?
Sclera
What is the role of grey matter in the human nervous system?
Comprise cell bodies and dendrites
Which system in the human nervous system regulates involuntary bodily functions?
Sympathetic system
What is the key function of synapses in the nervous system?
Transmit impulses between neurons
Which part of the nervous system extends outside the central nervous system?
Peripheral nervous system
What is the main function of effectors in the human nervous system?
Respond to stimuli
Which type of neurons are responsible for transmitting impulses in the nervous system?
Motor neurons
What visual defect is characterized by blurred vision due to an uneven curvature of the cornea or lens?
Astigmatism
In the human eye, what happens to the ciliary muscles when viewing objects closer than 6 meters?
They contract
What is the function of the Eustachian tube in the human ear?
Equalizes pressure in the ear
Which part of the human ear is responsible for detecting changes in the body's speed and direction to maintain balance?
Semi-circular canals
What is the primary function of the organ of Corti in the human ear?
Detects sound waves
What is the main role of the circular muscles in controlling pupil size in the human eye?
Contract in dim light
What type of vision problem is corrected by wearing glasses with specially shaped lenses due to blurred vision from an uneven cornea or lens curvature?
Astigmatism
What is the function of the vestibule in the inner ear of humans?
Detects head position changes
What part of the eye controls light entry by adjusting pupil size based on light intensity?
Iris
What structure of the human ear is responsible for directing sound waves into the auditory canal?
Pinna
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