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Questions and Answers
What is the key difference between a benign and a malignant neoplasm?
A benign neoplasm is non-cancerous and does not invade surrounding tissues, whereas a malignant neoplasm is cancerous and can invade and metastasize to other parts of the body.
How can mutations that occur over the lifespan of an individual contribute to the development of cancer?
Mutations can accumulate over time, disrupting normal cellular processes and potentially leading to the formation of cancer cells.
What role does the immune system play in defending against cancer?
The immune system can recognize and destroy cancer cells, and immune cells such as natural killer cells and T cells can target and eliminate cancer cells.
What is the term used to describe the location of a tumor?
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What are two examples of causes of cancer that are not directly related to genetic mutations?
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Study Notes
Neoplasia Terminology
- Neoplasia: a process of abnormal cell growth, results in tumor formation
- Neoplasm: a mass of abnormal cells, can be benign or malignant
Benign Neoplasms
- Grow slowly, do not invade surrounding tissues
- Do not metastasize (spread to other parts of the body)
- Can be removed surgically, usually do not recur
Malignant Neoplasms (Cancer)
- Grow rapidly, invade surrounding tissues
- Can metastasize to distant organs
- Can recur even after surgical removal
Location of Tumors
- Primary tumor: original site of tumor formation
- Metastasis: tumor that has spread to a distant site
- Local tumor: tumor that invades surrounding tissues
Genetic Basis of Cancer
- Results from accumulation of mutations in genes controlling cell growth and division
- Mutations over lifespan can lead to cancer development
- Genetic mutations can be inherited or acquired through environmental exposures
Role of the Immune System in Cancer Defence
- Recognizes and eliminates cancer cells
- Immune cells, such as cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells, target cancer cells
- Immune system can be suppressed or evaded by cancer cells, allowing tumor growth
Causes of Cancer
- Genetic mutations
- Inflammation: chronic inflammation can increase cancer risk
- Viral infections: some viruses can cause cancer, e.g. Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
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Description
Understand the basics of neoplasia, including benign and malignant neoplasms, and their characteristics. Learn about tumor formation, growth, and spread.
