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Questions and Answers
What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes a malignant neoplasm from a benign neoplasm?
Which of the following is a hallmark of cancer?
What is the term for a pre-neoplastic alteration in which cells show disordered tissue organisation?
What is the term for a gene that has the potential to cause cancer when mutated or overexpressed?
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What is the classification of a neoplasm that remains confined to its site of origin and does not produce metastases?
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Under the microscope, what is a characteristic of malignant neoplasms?
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What is the characteristic of a stratified squamous epithelial benign neoplasm?
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Which type of neoplasm always ends in -sarcoma?
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What is the characteristic of a glandular epithelial malignant neoplasm?
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Which type of neoplasm is always malignant and occurs in lymphoid tissue?
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What is the characteristic of a hamartoma?
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Which type of neoplasm occurs in the bone marrow and affects the blood?
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What is the characteristic of a transitional cell papilloma?
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Which type of neoplasm is a type of malignant germ cell neoplasm found in the testis?
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What is the term used to describe the progression of cellular differentiation, characterized by increasing nuclear size and nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio?
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Which of the following is a hallmark of cancer?
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What is the primary difference between benign and malignant tumours?
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Which of the following genes is responsible for regulating the cell cycle?
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What is the term used to describe the classification of neoplasms based on their site of origin, benign or malignant nature, and type of tissue formed?
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What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where a collection of cells all originate from a single founding cell?
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What is the term used to describe the changes in DNA methylation and chromatin modifications that contribute to neoplastic transformation?
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What is the term used to describe the gradual change from normal to malignant cells, characterized by worsening differentiation?
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Study Notes
Cell Characteristics
- Cells with no resemblance to any tissue are called anaplastic
- With progressing differentiation, individual cells have:
- Increasing nuclear size and nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio
- Increased nucleus staining (hyperchromasia)
- More mitotic figures
- Increasing variation in size and shape of cells and nuclei (pleomorphism)
Neoplasms
- Neoplasms are abnormal growths of cells that persist after the initial stimulus is removed
- Malignant neoplasms:
- Invade surrounding tissue
- Have potential to spread to distant sites
- Benign neoplasms:
- Remain confined to their site of origin
- Do not produce metastases
Tumour Classification
- Tumour: any clinically detectable lump or swelling
- Cancer: any malignant neoplasm
- Metastasis: a malignant neoplasm that has spread from its original site to a new non-contiguous site
Neoplastic Transformation
- Genetic alterations:
- Mutations
- Deletions
- Amplifications
- Translocations
- Rearrangements
- Epigenetic changes:
- DNA methylation
- Chromatin modifications
Oncogenes and Tumour Suppressors
- Oncogenes: genes that contribute to the development of cancer
- Tumour suppressors: genes that prevent the development of cancer
Cell Cycle Control
- The cell cycle is controlled by a balance between oncogenes and tumour suppressors
Monoclonality
- Neoplasms are monoclonal, meaning they all originated from a single founding cell
- Evidence for monoclonality comes from the study of the X-linked gene for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) in tumour tissue from women
Naming Neoplasms
- Neoplasms are named based on:
- Site of origin
- Benign or malignant
- Type of tissue formed
- Gross morphology (e.g., cyst or papilloma)
- Examples of neoplasm names:
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- Adenocarcinoma
- Basal cell carcinoma
Epithelial Neoplasms
- Benign epithelial neoplasms:
- End in -oma
- Examples: squamous cell papilloma, adenoma, cystadenoma
- Malignant epithelial neoplasms:
- End in -carcinoma
- Examples: squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma
Lymphoid and Haemotopoietic Neoplasms
- All malignant
- Examples:
- Acute and chronic leukaemia
- Lymphoma (B and T)
- Multiple myeloma
Germ Cell Neoplasms
- Examples:
- Seminoma (malignant)
- Non-seminomas (malignant teratoma)
- Benign teratoma (dermoid cyst)
- Malignant germ cell ovarian tumours
Embryonal Tumours (Blastomas)
- Examples:
- Retinoblastoma
- Nephroblastoma (Wilm's tumour)
- Neuroblastoma
- Medulloblastoma
- Hepatoblastoma
Neuroendocrine Tumours
- Examples:
- Carcinoid tumours
- Phaeochromocytoma
- Small cell carcinoma of bronchus
Hamartomas and Cysts
- Hamartomas:
- Benign
- Usually consist of two or more mature cell types normally found in the organ in which the lesion arises
- Cysts: fluid-filled sacs or cavities
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Description
Learn about the characteristics of anaplastic cells, the changes seen in cells with progressing differentiation, and the Modified Bloom-Richardson Grading system. Understand the terms pleomorphism, hyperchromasia, and neoplasms.
