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Questions and Answers
What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes a malignant neoplasm from a benign neoplasm?
What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes a malignant neoplasm from a benign neoplasm?
Which of the following is a hallmark of cancer?
Which of the following is a hallmark of cancer?
What is the term for a pre-neoplastic alteration in which cells show disordered tissue organisation?
What is the term for a pre-neoplastic alteration in which cells show disordered tissue organisation?
What is the term for a gene that has the potential to cause cancer when mutated or overexpressed?
What is the term for a gene that has the potential to cause cancer when mutated or overexpressed?
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What is the classification of a neoplasm that remains confined to its site of origin and does not produce metastases?
What is the classification of a neoplasm that remains confined to its site of origin and does not produce metastases?
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Under the microscope, what is a characteristic of malignant neoplasms?
Under the microscope, what is a characteristic of malignant neoplasms?
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What is the characteristic of a stratified squamous epithelial benign neoplasm?
What is the characteristic of a stratified squamous epithelial benign neoplasm?
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Which type of neoplasm always ends in -sarcoma?
Which type of neoplasm always ends in -sarcoma?
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What is the characteristic of a glandular epithelial malignant neoplasm?
What is the characteristic of a glandular epithelial malignant neoplasm?
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Which type of neoplasm is always malignant and occurs in lymphoid tissue?
Which type of neoplasm is always malignant and occurs in lymphoid tissue?
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What is the characteristic of a hamartoma?
What is the characteristic of a hamartoma?
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Which type of neoplasm occurs in the bone marrow and affects the blood?
Which type of neoplasm occurs in the bone marrow and affects the blood?
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What is the characteristic of a transitional cell papilloma?
What is the characteristic of a transitional cell papilloma?
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Which type of neoplasm is a type of malignant germ cell neoplasm found in the testis?
Which type of neoplasm is a type of malignant germ cell neoplasm found in the testis?
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What is the term used to describe the progression of cellular differentiation, characterized by increasing nuclear size and nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio?
What is the term used to describe the progression of cellular differentiation, characterized by increasing nuclear size and nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio?
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Which of the following is a hallmark of cancer?
Which of the following is a hallmark of cancer?
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What is the primary difference between benign and malignant tumours?
What is the primary difference between benign and malignant tumours?
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Which of the following genes is responsible for regulating the cell cycle?
Which of the following genes is responsible for regulating the cell cycle?
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What is the term used to describe the classification of neoplasms based on their site of origin, benign or malignant nature, and type of tissue formed?
What is the term used to describe the classification of neoplasms based on their site of origin, benign or malignant nature, and type of tissue formed?
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What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where a collection of cells all originate from a single founding cell?
What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where a collection of cells all originate from a single founding cell?
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What is the term used to describe the changes in DNA methylation and chromatin modifications that contribute to neoplastic transformation?
What is the term used to describe the changes in DNA methylation and chromatin modifications that contribute to neoplastic transformation?
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What is the term used to describe the gradual change from normal to malignant cells, characterized by worsening differentiation?
What is the term used to describe the gradual change from normal to malignant cells, characterized by worsening differentiation?
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Study Notes
Cell Characteristics
- Cells with no resemblance to any tissue are called anaplastic
- With progressing differentiation, individual cells have:
- Increasing nuclear size and nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio
- Increased nucleus staining (hyperchromasia)
- More mitotic figures
- Increasing variation in size and shape of cells and nuclei (pleomorphism)
Neoplasms
- Neoplasms are abnormal growths of cells that persist after the initial stimulus is removed
- Malignant neoplasms:
- Invade surrounding tissue
- Have potential to spread to distant sites
- Benign neoplasms:
- Remain confined to their site of origin
- Do not produce metastases
Tumour Classification
- Tumour: any clinically detectable lump or swelling
- Cancer: any malignant neoplasm
- Metastasis: a malignant neoplasm that has spread from its original site to a new non-contiguous site
Neoplastic Transformation
- Genetic alterations:
- Mutations
- Deletions
- Amplifications
- Translocations
- Rearrangements
- Epigenetic changes:
- DNA methylation
- Chromatin modifications
Oncogenes and Tumour Suppressors
- Oncogenes: genes that contribute to the development of cancer
- Tumour suppressors: genes that prevent the development of cancer
Cell Cycle Control
- The cell cycle is controlled by a balance between oncogenes and tumour suppressors
Monoclonality
- Neoplasms are monoclonal, meaning they all originated from a single founding cell
- Evidence for monoclonality comes from the study of the X-linked gene for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) in tumour tissue from women
Naming Neoplasms
- Neoplasms are named based on:
- Site of origin
- Benign or malignant
- Type of tissue formed
- Gross morphology (e.g., cyst or papilloma)
- Examples of neoplasm names:
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- Adenocarcinoma
- Basal cell carcinoma
Epithelial Neoplasms
- Benign epithelial neoplasms:
- End in -oma
- Examples: squamous cell papilloma, adenoma, cystadenoma
- Malignant epithelial neoplasms:
- End in -carcinoma
- Examples: squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma
Lymphoid and Haemotopoietic Neoplasms
- All malignant
- Examples:
- Acute and chronic leukaemia
- Lymphoma (B and T)
- Multiple myeloma
Germ Cell Neoplasms
- Examples:
- Seminoma (malignant)
- Non-seminomas (malignant teratoma)
- Benign teratoma (dermoid cyst)
- Malignant germ cell ovarian tumours
Embryonal Tumours (Blastomas)
- Examples:
- Retinoblastoma
- Nephroblastoma (Wilm's tumour)
- Neuroblastoma
- Medulloblastoma
- Hepatoblastoma
Neuroendocrine Tumours
- Examples:
- Carcinoid tumours
- Phaeochromocytoma
- Small cell carcinoma of bronchus
Hamartomas and Cysts
- Hamartomas:
- Benign
- Usually consist of two or more mature cell types normally found in the organ in which the lesion arises
- Cysts: fluid-filled sacs or cavities
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Description
Learn about the characteristics of anaplastic cells, the changes seen in cells with progressing differentiation, and the Modified Bloom-Richardson Grading system. Understand the terms pleomorphism, hyperchromasia, and neoplasms.
