Neoplasia IV: Incidence & Treatment Overview
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Questions and Answers

What histological feature would indicate poor differentiation in colorectal carcinoma?

  • Packed ill-formed glands (correct)
  • Increased mucin production
  • Presence of numerous well-formed glands
  • Absence of inflammatory cells

    • Which symptom is likely related to prostate cancer and can be associated with the patient's condition?

  • Bright red blood in stools
  • Severe abdominal pain
  • Unexplained weight gain
  • Frequent urination at night (correct)

    • What is a reliable tumor marker for monitoring large intestine cancers?

  • Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
  • Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
  • Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) (correct)
  • Calcitonin

    • What grading system is often used to assess the histological appearance of prostate biopsies?

    <p>Gleason score (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following could be a symptom indicating the spread of prostate carcinoma?

    <p>Severe back pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What grading scale is used for prostate cancer based on the degree of gland formation?

    <p>Gleason Scale (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cancer is generally highly sensitive to radiotherapy?

    <p>Lymphoma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemotherapy drug is primarily effective during the S phase of the cell cycle?

    <p>Methotrexate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of tumor markers in cancer treatment?

    <p>They can aid diagnosis and monitor therapy response. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the detection of hormone receptors indicate in hormone therapy for breast cancer?

    <p>The potential effectiveness of therapeutic agents like Herceptin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor does NOT influence the effectiveness of radiotherapy?

    <p>Patient's nutrition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cancer generally has moderate sensitivity to radiotherapy?

    <p>Breast cancer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the Gleason score interpreted when grading prostate cancer?

    <p>Scores from 1 to 5 indicate degree of gland formation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'T' in the TNM staging system represent?

    <p>Tumor size (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of staging Hodgkin’s disease, what does Stage II imply?

    <p>Two separate groups of nodes on the same side of the diaphragm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of cervical screening?

    <p>To detect early changes like dysplasia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a well-differentiated tumor?

    <p>Tissue cells are very similar to the tissue of origin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended method for breast cancer screening?

    <p>Mammography (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria used to grade breast cancer?

    <p>Tumor metastasis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT important for cervical screening?

    <p>Gynecological history of the patient (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Stage I in the Ann Arbor staging system for Hodgkin’s disease signify?

    <p>One group of lymph nodes involved (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the detection aim in breast cancer screening?

    <p>Finding invasive cancers that are 10-15 mm in size (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In testicular tumors, what is a common marker used for diagnosis?

    <p>Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) (B), Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tumor marker is used in the diagnosis and monitoring of disease?

    <p>Alpha fetoprotein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does tamoxifen, an anti-oestrogen, aim to accomplish in breast cancer treatment?

    <p>Block estrogen from interacting with cancer cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary biological bases for using radiotherapy treatment?

    <p>To damage and kill cancerous cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the survival rate associated with a Stage T1 breast tumor?

    <p>90% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable symptom that might help in staging breast cancer?

    <p>Nipple retraction or discharge (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of disease is identified when the presence of characteristic cells is noted in the histology?

    <p>Hodgkin's disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Gleason Scale

    A system for grading prostate cancer based on the appearance of the cancer cells under a microscope. Grade 1 indicates well-formed glands, while Grade 5 indicates poorly formed sheets of cells.

    Radiotherapy

    A type of cancer treatment that uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells.

    Radiotherapy Sensitivity

    The sensitivity of different tissues or cells to the damaging effects of radiotherapy.

    Chemotherapy

    A type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to destroy cancer cells.

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    Chemotherapy Drugs and Cell Cycle

    Drugs used in chemotherapy that target specific stages of the cell cycle.

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    Hormone Therapy

    A type of cancer treatment that uses hormones to block the growth of cancer cells.

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    Tumor Markers

    Substances released from tumors into the bloodstream that can aid diagnosis, monitor treatment response, and follow up.

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    Cancer Screening

    The process of screening for early signs of cancer to improve the chances of survival.

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    Cervical Cancer

    A type of cancer that arises from the cells of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus.

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    Breast Cancer

    A type of cancer that arises from the cells of the breast.

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    Cervical Smear

    A screening test used to detect abnormalities in the cells of the cervix.

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    Mammography

    A screening test used to detect abnormalities in the cells of the breast.

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    Cancer Stage

    The stage of a cancer describes its extent- how far it has spread.

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    Receptor Analysis

    The presence or absence of certain receptors on a cancer cell can influence treatment options.

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    Anti-estrogen

    A type of medication used to block the action of estrogen, often used to treat estrogen-sensitive cancers.

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    Targeted Therapy

    A type of medication that targets specific receptors on cancer cells, reducing their growth and spread.

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    Tamoxifen Side Effects

    A hormonal therapy used to treat breast cancer, but can have side effects affecting other parts of the body such as blood clots, hot flashes, and uterine changes.

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    Tumor Differentiation

    The degree to which cancer cells resemble normal cells, indicating how aggressive and likely to spread the cancer is. Well-differentiated tumors are less aggressive.

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    Rectal Lesion

    Abnormal growth of tissue in the rectum, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

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    PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen)

    A blood test used to screen for prostate cancer by measuring the level of a protein produced by the prostate gland. Elevated levels may suggest prostate cancer.

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    TNM Staging

    A system used to classify the extent of cancer based on tumor size (T), lymph node involvement (N), and metastasis (M).

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    Tumor Grading

    A system used to classify cancer based on the degree of differentiation. It indicates how much the tumor cells resemble their original cell type and influences the likely aggressiveness of the tumor.

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    Ann Arbor Staging

    A classification system for Hodgkin's disease, which describes the spread of the disease based on the number of lymph node groups involved and whether the disease has spread beyond the lymph system.

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    Tumor Marker Testing

    The use of tumor markers in blood or other bodily fluids to help diagnose, monitor, and track the effectiveness of cancer treatment. Some examples of tumor markers include carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP).

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    Tumor Stage

    The extent of a tumor, measured based on its size, location, and whether it has spread to other parts of the body.

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    Pathology

    The study of the causes and mechanisms of disease, with a particular focus on changes in tissues and organs.

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    Study Notes

    Neoplasia IV: Incidence, Prognosis & Treatment

    • This session discusses the incidence, prognosis, and treatment of neoplasia IV.
    • Objectives include: understanding malignant tumor staging (rectum, breast, prostate, bladder, Hodgkin's disease), grading (squamous cell carcinoma, breast cancer, colon cancer), and the biological basis of cancer treatments (radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, newer agents like Herceptin).
    • The use of tumor markers in diagnosis and monitoring is also covered. This includes carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP).
    • Screening methods are discussed, including cervical cancer, and breast cancer screening.
    • Different staging systems and examples are presented.
      • TNM staging (tumor size, lymph node status, metastasis).
      • Dukes staging for rectal neoplasia (A, B, C).
      • Ann Arbor staging for Hodgkin's disease (I-IV).
    • Tumor grading, differentiating between types of tumors, is covered.
      • Degree of tubule formation, extent of nuclear variation, and number of mitoses are used to grade breast cancer.
      • Prostate cancer grading uses the Gleason scale (1-5).
    • Treatment options for cancer are summarized: surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy.
    • The effectiveness of therapy depends on the tumor type and stage.
    • The use of tumor markers is discussed as a way of monitoring disease.
    • The role of screening in improving prognosis is covered, for cervical, breast, large intestine and prostate cancers.
    • Screening methods, clinical features and tumor markers as support in stage assessment and treatment are covered.
    • Small group questions on testicular teratoma and Hodgkin's disease are presented.
      • Specific cells and features in histology are noted.
      • Staging assessment from scans is discussed.

    Cancer Incidence & Mortality

    • 2008 data shows the different incidence and mortality rates for various cancer types and sexes.
    • The most common cancers, by incidence and mortality, as determined by site, are detailed.

    Commonest Ten Cancers by Primary Site (2009)

    • Data from 2009 demonstrates the number of cancer cases per site.
    • Breast, Bronchus, and Lung, Brain and other CNS, Urinary bladder, Leukemia, Colorectal Cancer, Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, Skin, Stomach, and Larynx are noted as the most common cancer sites.

    Incidence Rate of Commonest Ten Cancer Deaths (2009)

    • Incidence rates for specific cancer sites are detailed.
    • Sites like Bronchus & Lung, Brain, Breast, Hodgkin Disease, Liver, Bladder, Stomach, Colorectal, Pancreas, and Leukemia are presented.

    Radiotherapy: Factors and Sensitivity

    • Factors influencing Radiotherapy include: radiation type, cumulative dose, delivery rate, and target tissues.
    • Sensitivity varies by the type of cancer.

    Chemotherapy: Drug Use and Effects

    • Chemotherapy drugs target specific cell cycle stages and rapidly dividing cells (e.g. bone marrow).
    • Specific details are presented on the effects of particular chemotherapy drugs (Cyclophosphamide, Vincretin, Methotrexate) on cell cycles.

    Hormone Therapy: Predicting Response

    • Hormone therapy effectiveness depends on hormone receptior and HER-2 status.
    • Herceptin® is used in treatment.
    • Determining receptor and HER-2 status can help predict therapy effectiveness.

    Tumor Markers

    • Tumor markers are products released from tumors into the bloodstream.
    • Tumor markers are used to help with monitoring, diagnosis and measuring treatment response.
    • Key examples of tumor markers along with the cancer type they may be associated with are included (alpha-fetoprotein (liver cancer, germ cell tumors), human chorionic gonadotropin (trophoblastic tumors), acid phosphatase, prostate-specific antigen (Prostate cancer), carcinoembryonic antigen (GI tract).

    Screening

    • Screening aims to detect precancerous, non-invasive, and early invasive cancers to improve prognosis.
      • Key types of screening are discussed, including cervical, breast, large intestine, and prostate screening.
      • Details about cervical, breast, cancer screening techniques methods are given using methods like cytology and mammography respectively.

    Improving Prognosis

    • Identifying "at-risk" groups (familial, occupational) and detecting cancer at an earlier stage for breast and cervical cancers is important to improve prognosis.

    Small Group Questions

    • Questions regarding the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of tumors are provided in the text.
    • Relevant cases and questions are presented.

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    Neoplasia IV Past Paper 2024-2025 PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the critical aspects of Neoplasia IV, focusing on incidence, prognosis, and treatment strategies. Topics include malignant tumor staging and grading, biological treatment methods, and the role of tumor markers in diagnosis. Additionally, various screening methods for cancers such as cervical and breast cancer are examined, along with different staging systems.

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