Neoplasia - Formation and Progression
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Questions and Answers

What primarily drives clonal tumor progression in metastatic tumors?

  • Enhanced migratory ability
  • Gain of immature cell functions
  • Loss of growth control (correct)
  • Increased cell differentiation
  • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of malignant cells?

  • Create a new biochemistry (correct)
  • Gain of embryonic stem cell-like phenotype
  • Loss of differentiation
  • Loss of migratory control
  • What occurs during the initiation stage of tumorigenesis?

  • Cancer stem cells acquire additional genetic changes.
  • Oncogenic mutations occur in a cell. (correct)
  • Non-dividing cells are targeted by chemotherapy.
  • The tumor cells begin to invade surrounding tissues.
  • Which of the following alterations can convert a proto-oncogene into an oncogene?

    <p>Point mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do driver genes play in tumor progression?

    <p>They contribute to tumor progression when damaged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cancer stem cells (CSCs) contribute to tumor progression?

    <p>By enhancing self-renewal and uncontrolled proliferation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a driver gene mutation?

    <p>Mutated c-myc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between chemotherapy and stem cell-targeted therapy?

    <p>Stem cell-targeted therapy can target both dividing and non-dividing cancer stem cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the second hit in the transformation from pre-cancer stem cells to cancer stem cells?

    <p>It involves additional genetic and epigenetic changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common epigenetic factor contributing to oral cancer?

    <p>Chronic inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is common to pre-cancer stem cells (pre-CSC)?

    <p>They possess features of both cancer and normal stem cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of gene is typically associated with inhibiting tumor growth?

    <p>Tumor suppressor genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do promoters play in cancer progression?

    <p>They facilitate the malignant expansion of abnormal cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells have the potential to gain functions not normally present in healthy cells during tumorigenesis?

    <p>Malignant tumor cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major risk associated with non-dividing cells in the context of chemotherapy?

    <p>They often lead to treatment resistance and relapse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the progression stage of tumorigenesis?

    <p>The acquisition of invasive and metastatic characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Neoplasia - Formation and Progression

    • Stem cell theory involves two key mutations:
      • First hit transforms normal stem cells into pre-cancer stem cells (non-cancerous, due to genetic mutation).
      • Second hit converts pre-cancer cells into cancer stem cells (CSC), leading to tumor genesis (due to genetic and epigenetic factors).

    Tumorigenesis Stages

    • Initiation: Oncogenic mutation occurs in a single cell.
    • Promotion: Mutated cells gain clonal advantages, allowing expansion and accumulation of additional genetic and epigenetic changes, increasing chances of more genetic errors.
    • Progression: Tumor advances to increasingly malignant phenotypes.
    • Invasion: Tumor cells develop the ability to penetrate surrounding tissues.

    Chemotherapy vs Stem Cell-Targeted Therapy

    • Chemotherapy targets only dividing cells, allowing non-dividing cells to survive and potentially cause relapse.
    • Stem cell-targeted therapy focuses on all cancer stem cells, encompassing both dividing and non-dividing cells.

    Detailed Mechanisms in Initiation and Promotion

    • Initiation involves accumulated genetic mutations that enhance self-renewal of normal stem cells, characteristic of stem cells.
    • Quiescent stem cells are more prone to accumulating genetic errors.
    • Transformation from pre-cancer stem cells (pre-CSC) to CSC occurs after additional genetic/epigenetic changes.
    • Promoters disrupt differentiation, leading to the malignant proliferation of abnormal cells.

    Tumor Progression Characteristics

    • CSCs significantly drive tumor progression, promoting uncontrolled growth and contributing to invasive/metastatic phenotypes.
    • Metastatic tumors undergo further clonal progression, becoming more aggressive.
    • Tumor progression is characterized by:
      • Loss of growth control (leading to clonal growth).
      • Loss of differentiation (de-differentiation, preventing maturation into functional cells).
      • Loss of migratory control, enabling invasion/metastasis.
    • Malignant cells may lose healthy cell functions or gain abnormal functions.

    Oral Cancer: Genetic and Epigenetic Disease

    • Caused by genetic mutations and epigenetic changes affecting stem cell growth and multiplication.
    • Genetic causes: Mutagenic chemicals, UV exposure, viral infections (HPV, EBV), smoking, alcohol use.
    • Epigenetic causes: Chronic inflammation (e.g., gum disease) and aging.

    Driver Genes vs Passenger Genes

    • Driver Genes: Certain altered genes facilitate tumor progression (e.g., mutated p53 loses tumor suppressor function).
    • Passenger Genes: Majority of mutations do not contribute to tumor progression.

    Classes of Genes Affected in Tumorigenesis

    • Proto-oncogenes: Encode proteins regulating cell growth; mutations can activate them to oncogenes via point mutations, insertions, deletions, or chromosomal translocations.

    • Oncogenes: Transcribe oncoproteins that stimulate tumor growth; include:

      • Signal transduction (e.g., Wnt/β-catenin),
      • Growth factors (e.g., SCF, EGF, PDGF, TNF-α),
      • Transcription factors (e.g., c-myc, c-jun, c-fos),
      • Cell cycle regulators (e.g., mutant p53).
    • Tumor Suppressor Genes: Wild type p53 typically inhibits tumor growth, while mutations can lead to tumor progression.

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    Description

    Explore the concepts of neoplasia, tumorigenesis, and stem cell theory of cancer through this quiz. Understand the differences between normal stem cells, pre-cancer stem cells, and cancer stem cells, along with their roles in tumor initiation and promotion. Test your knowledge on the genetic and epigenetic factors involved in cancer development.

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