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Questions and Answers
What is the characteristic growth pattern of benign tumors?
Which term refers to the study of tumors?
Which of the following is a characteristic of malignant tumors?
What suffix is commonly used to indicate a benign tumor?
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Which environmental factor is NOT commonly associated with cancer risk?
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What is the primary goal of inflammation?
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Which stage of inflammation involves the emigration of cells through the endothelial junctions?
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Which type of phagocyte is predominantly involved in early acute inflammatory responses?
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What process allows cells to engulf and dispose of foreign material?
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Which cells are known for their role in recognizing and killing virus-infected and cancer cells?
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What happens during opsonization in the phagocytosis process?
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Which class of signaling molecules is produced by macrophages and lymphocytes in response to pathogens?
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What is the role of eosinophils in the immune response?
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What is the primary role of interferon in the body?
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Which of the following is NOT a local manifestation of inflammation?
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What type of exudate is characterized by the presence of pus?
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What is the process of replacing destroyed tissue with scar tissue called?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of wound healing by primary intention?
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What can lead to dehiscence in wound healing?
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What role do pyrogens play in the inflammatory response?
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Which component is NOT considered an acute-phase reactant in inflammation?
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What is the first stage in the development of cancer?
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Which of the following are common clinical manifestations of cancer?
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What type of treatment involves the use of medications to kill cancer cells?
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Which screening procedure is designed to provide a definitive diagnosis of cancer?
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What is NOT a common side effect of chemotherapy and radiotherapy?
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What is the role of innate resistance in the body?
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Which line of defense in the immune system includes the production of antibodies?
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Which response is typically NOT associated with inflammation?
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Study Notes
Neoplasia and Tumor Pathophysiology
- Neoplasm refers to an abnormal mass of tissue, commonly associated with new growth.
- Neoplastic cells ignore normal growth laws and regulation processes, leading to unchecked proliferation.
- Increase in tissue size does not always indicate neoplasia (e.g., cardiac hypertrophy from hypertension).
Types of Neoplasm
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Benign Tumors:
- Slow growth, low mitotic rate.
- Well-differentiated, non-invasive with defined borders.
- Localized and do not metastasize.
-
Malignant Tumors (Cancer):
- Rapid growth, high mitotic index.
- Poorly differentiated and lack a capsule.
- Invade surrounding tissues and have the capability to metastasize.
Tumor Classification
- Benign tumors are often named by adding “-oma” to the tissue of origin.
- Malignant tumors are classified based on embryonic tissue origin:
- Carcinomas: Derived from ectoderm and endoderm (epithelial and glandular tissues).
- Sarcomas: Originating from mesoderm (connective tissues, muscle, nerve, endothelial tissues).
Causes of Cancer
- Viral infections account for approximately 15% of cancers globally (e.g., hepatitis B and C).
- Bacterial infections like Helicobacter pylori are linked to B-cell lymphomas in the stomach.
- Environmental factors include:
- Tobacco use
- Diet and alcohol consumption
- Occupational hazards
- Radiation exposure
Stages of Cancer
- Stage 1: Tumor confined to original site.
- Stage 2: Locally invasive cancer.
- Stage 3: Cancer spread to regional structures.
- Stage 4: Distant metastasis to other organs.
Clinical Manifestations of Cancer
- Pain from tissue damage, obstruction, stretching, or inflammation, typically occurring late.
- Fatigue and cachexia (weight loss and muscle wasting).
- Anorexia and early satiety leading to significant weight loss.
- Possible blood disorder manifestations, including anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia.
Cancer Diagnosis
- Procedures for diagnosis include blood tests, tumor markers, tissue biopsy, and radiological imaging.
Cancer Treatments
- Common treatment modalities:
- Chemotherapy
- Radiation therapy
- Immunotherapy
- Surgical intervention
Side Effects of Cancer Treatment
- Gastrointestinal effects: ulcers, malabsorption, diarrhea, and nausea.
- Bone marrow suppression leading to reduced red and white blood cells, and platelets.
- Effects on hair and skin, including hair loss and dryness.
- Impact on reproductive health, including premature menopause.
Inflammation and Immunity
- First Line of Defense: Innate resistance through physical barriers (skin), and mechanical barriers (coughing, sneezing).
- Second Line of Defense: Inflammation characterized by vascular dilation, increased permeability, and white blood cell action, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, and pain.
- Third Line of Defense: Adaptive immunity involving antibody production.
Inflammation Process
- A non-specific response to injury, aiming to control infection, clear debris, and initiate healing.
-
Stages of Inflammation:
- Vascular stage: Blood flow changes and increased vessel permeability.
- Cellular stage: Infiltration of immune cells to the site of injury.
- Tissue repair: Restoration of damaged tissue.
Phagocytosis
- Key process of ingesting foreign material by immune cells.
- Involves stages: recognition, adherence, engulfment, phagosome formation, lysosomal fusion, and destruction of the target.
Types of Phagocytes
- Neutrophils: Respond primarily in acute inflammation, ingest bacteria and debris, form pus upon cell death.
- Monocytes and Macrophages: Monocytes evolve into macrophages at the site of inflammation, enhancing phagocytic activity.
- Eosinophils: Active against parasites and contribute to inflammatory response regulation.
- Natural Killer (NK) Cells: Identify and destroy virus-infected cells and cancer cells.
Local and Systemic Manifestations of Inflammation
- Local: Hotness, redness, swelling, pain, and potential loss of function.
- Systemic: Fever caused by pyrogens, leukocytosis (increased leukocyte count), and acute-phase reactants in plasma.
Resolution and Repair
- Resolution: Restoration of tissue after injury.
- Repair: Replacement of tissue with scar formation, primarily composed of collagen.
- Involves debridement to clean the wound and healing processes: filling, sealing, and contraction.
Dysfunctional Wound Healing
- May lead to wound dehiscence, characterized by separation at suture lines, often due to excessive strain or obesity, risking infection.
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Description
Explore the critical concepts of neoplasia, including the definition of neoplasms and the behavior of neoplastic cells. This quiz delves into the study of tumors in oncology and examines how these abnormal growths disrupt normal cell function. Test your understanding of tumor biology and the pathophysiological processes involved.
