NDT 2126: Food Environment and Eating Behaviour
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Questions and Answers

What impact can eating with others have on food consumption?

Eating with others can lead to eating more food as compared to eating alone.

Which group has the highest rates of obesity according to the content?

  • Population groups with the highest education levels
  • Population groups with the highest poverty rates (correct)
  • Population groups with equal education and poverty rates
  • Population groups with the lowest poverty rates

    • Media is not a significant source of food and nutrition information for people.

    False

    What is the term that encompasses food choice and motives, feeding practices, dieting, and eating-related problems?

    <p>Eating behaviour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Food environments are influenced by the physical, social, economic, cultural, and ______________ factors.

    <p>political</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the periods of human development over the lifespan?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genetic regions associated with taste, sensory, satiety are factors influencing eating behaviour.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are food deserts characterized by?

    <p>Insufficient availability of healthy foods, particularly fruits and vegetables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Unhealthy foods and beverages were readily available, affordable, and desirable in many school settings.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Older adults experience a decline in appetite, taste, and smell leading to decreased food intake, poor food palatability, and potential failure to develop sensory specific ______.

    <p>satiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of human development with their age range:

    <p>Infancy and toddlerhood = Birth to 2 years old Early childhood = 2 years old to 6 years old Adolescence = Onset of puberty to 18 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were some concerns highlighted in the school food environment in LMIC?

    <p>misleading marketing messages, food safety, role of peer influence, food prestige, contested school policies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rural areas had poorer mean intake of __________ compared to urban areas.

    <p>vitamins and minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of eating?

    <p>Ingestion of food; putting food in the mouth, chewing, swallowing. It is a biological process that provides energy for living organisms to grow and survive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does eating behaviour encompass?

    <p>Food choice and motives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many exposures are typically necessary before a food preference shift in children?

    <p>8 - 10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The developmental model of eating behavior focuses on learning through exposure, social learning, and associative learning.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ model of food choice explores the extent to which cognition predicts and explains behavior.

    <p>cognitive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some personal dietary choices that influence human health?

    <p>Personal dietary choices involve nutrient consumption, types of food eaten, and reasons for consumption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which taste are we born with unlearned biological predispositions towards liking?

    <p>Sweet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Liking for salt develops right after birth.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Umami related to?

    <p>glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Greater variety of food stimulates bigger meal size and greater food intake due to __________-specific satiety.

    <p>sensory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following factors with their influence on food acceptance:

    <p>Physiological conditioning = Conditioned food preferences and aversions Social conditioning = Social-affective context and parenting practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors can influence eating behavior according to the content?

    <p>biological predispositions, experience with food, physiological conditioning, social conditioning, intrapersonal factors, interpersonal factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the environment in relation to food and physical activity has important impacts on health?

    <p>Built environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a healthy food environment inside and around schools refer to?

    <p>Spaces, infrastructure, conditions, nutritional content of foods, information availability, marketing, pricing, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    School-based food and nutrition education actively involves all people that interact in the school setting.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of the Home-Grown School Feeding approach?

    <p>Connect the need for safe, diverse, and nutritious food with the production of local farmers and community businesses, improving economic development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    SFNE capitalizes on structured learning in school settings to create learning opportunities that can shape healthier food patterns.

    <p>school-based food and nutrition education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, what impact does the availability and accessibility of nutrient-dense foods in the home environment have on children's eating habits?

    <p>It increases the likelihood of children choosing to eat obesity-protective foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can parents influence children's eating patterns based on the content?

    <p>By manipulating the availability of foods in the home through their purchases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stockpiling of foods in the home may decrease consumption for preferred and convenient products.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High availability of obesity risk-factor foods predict ______ consumption according to the content.

    <p>higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following aspects of the home food environment with their impact:

    <p>Availability of nutrient-dense foods = Likelihood of children eating obesity-protective foods Stockpiling of foods = Increase in consumption for preferred and convenient products Parental purchases influence = Children's eating patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of children's daily calories are consumed in the home?

    <p>65-72%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors influence child dietary intake in the home food environment? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Availability and accessibility of fruit and vegetables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children's eating patterns are strongly influenced by their environmental characteristics.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the conceptual model, the _____ environment plays a role in influencing childhood obesity risk.

    <p>social</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some elements of the home environment that impact eating and activity-related behaviors, especially for children?

    <p>Availability of foods, activity and sedentary options in the home; Accessibility of foods, activity and sedentary options in the home; Cues to eating, being active and being sedentary; Resources available to the family</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are impacts of the availability of foods in the home on children's dietary habits?

    <p>Increased intake of high calorie and high sugary snacks/beverages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Family socioeconomic status has no influence on dietary habits and obesity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ plays a primary role in controlling the obesogenic environment at home.

    <p>Parenting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parenting styles with their characteristics:

    <p>Permissive = Warm but not firm, allowing great freedoms in behavior and decision-making Authoritarian = Firm but not warm, set rigid limits, employ punitive actions Authoritative = Warm, firm, accepting of child’s needs for autonomy, set limits based on reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Eating Behaviour and Health

    • Eating behaviour is a complex process that involves the brain and other parts of the body, and is influenced by various factors, including biological, psychological, social, and environmental factors.
    • Diet plays a key role in human health and disease prevention, and understanding eating behaviour is crucial for promoting healthy eating habits.

    Factors Influencing Eating Behaviour

    • Intrapersonal factors:
      • Perceptions: e.g. taste, smell, texture, and appearance of food
      • Beliefs: e.g. beliefs about healthy and unhealthy foods
      • Attitudes: e.g. positive or negative attitudes towards certain foods
      • Motivations: e.g. motivations to eat or not eat certain foods
      • Knowledge and skills: e.g. cooking skills and knowledge of nutrition
      • Social norms and cultural norms: e.g. social norms around eating and cultural norms around food choices
    • Interpersonal factors:
      • Family and social networks: e.g. influence of family members and friends on food choices
      • Social learning: e.g. learning through observation and imitation of others
    • Environmental factors:
      • Food environment: e.g. availability and accessibility of healthy and unhealthy foods
      • Physical environment: e.g. home, school, and work environments
      • Socio-economic environment: e.g. income and education level

    Models of Eating Behaviour

    • Developmental model: emphasizes the role of learning and experience in shaping eating behaviour
    • Cognitive model: emphasizes the role of cognition and decision-making in eating behaviour
    • Psychophysiological model: emphasizes the role of biological and psychological factors in eating behaviour
    • Bio-psycho-social-spiritual model: emphasizes the interplay between biological, psychological, social, and spiritual factors in eating behaviour

    Socio-Ecological Model

    • Examines the interactions between individuals and their environment
    • Looks at the multiple levels of influence on eating behaviour, including:
      • Individual factors (e.g. knowledge, attitudes, and skills)
      • Interpersonal factors (e.g. family and social networks)
      • Organizational factors (e.g. school and workplace policies)
      • Community factors (e.g. availability of healthy foods)
      • Public policy factors (e.g. food policies and regulations)

    Eating Behaviour and the Lifespan

    • Prenatal period: genetic influences on eating behaviour and food preferences
    • Infancy and toddlerhood: early experiences with food and development of food preferences
    • Childhood: exposure to different foods and development of food neophobia
    • Adolescence: influence of peers and media on eating behaviour
    • Adulthood: influence of family and social networks on eating behaviour
    • Older adulthood: decline in physical function and changes in eating behaviour

    Importance of Understanding Eating Behaviour

    • Crucial for promoting healthy eating habits and preventing disease
    • Helps dietitians and other healthcare professionals to develop effective interventions and strategies for improving eating behaviour
    • Recognizes the complexity of eating behaviour and the need for a multifaceted approach to promoting healthy eating habits### Food Purchasing Decision
    • Influenced by family, peers, co-workers, and those in various organizations

    Eating Behaviour

    • A broad term that encompasses food choice, motives, feeding practices, dieting, and eating-related problems (e.g. obesity, eating disorders)
    • People make unconscious decisions about food several times a day (e.g. when to eat, what to eat, with whom to eat, and how much to eat)

    Biological Determinants of Eating Behaviour

    • Basic tastes: sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami
    • Preference for fat develops in early infancy or childhood, linked to food texture
    • Other sensory experiences: irritation from hot chillies and coolness of menthol

    Hunger-Satiety Mechanisms

    • Many genetic and biological mechanisms control hunger and satiety
    • Today's obesogenic environment has taken body weight control from an instinctual (unconscious) process to one that requires substantial cognitive effort

    Sensory-Specific Satiety

    • Biologically determined sensory-specific satiety mechanism: get tired of one taste and move on to another over a short time span
    • Greater variety of food stimulates bigger meal size and greater food intake

    Experience with Food

    • People's liking for specific foods and food acceptance patterns are a result of physiological conditioning/learning arising from positive or negative consequences of repeated exposure to a food
    • Physiological conditioning: familiarity, learned safety, conditioned food preferences, and aversions, and conditioned satiety
    • Social conditioning: social-affective context, social modelling, and parenting practices
    • Intrapersonal determinants: perceptions, beliefs, personal meaning, values, attitudes, motivations, knowledge, and skills
    • Interpersonal determinants: social relationships, social norms, and cultural practices

    Social and Environmental Determinants of Eating Behaviour

    • Physical/built environment: food outlets, homes, schools, workplaces, parks, and industrial areas
    • Food availability and accessibility: array of food options, food availability, and food accessibility
    • Markets: type of food available, accessibility, and mobility
    • Workplaces and schools: food available, accessibility, and convenience
    • Home: food availability, accessibility, and convenience

    Social and Cultural Environment

    • Social relations: eating with others, social norms, and cultural practices
    • Cultural practices and family of origin: cultural rules, social norms, and policies
    • Social structures and policies: organizations, schools, workplaces, and government policies

    Economic Determinants

    • Price and resources: poverty rates, education, and energy density
    • Time: time constraints, employment, and family responsibilities

    Informational Environment

    • Media and advertising: print media, digital media, and advertising
    • Food advertising: non-core food advertising, sugary drinks, and unhealthy food advertising### Food Environment and Eating Behavior

    Overview of Food Environment

    • Food environments are physical, social, cultural, economic, and political factors that impact food accessibility, affordability, availability, and quality within a community or region.
    • The food environment affects health outcomes, especially eating behavior and diet quality.

    Dimensions of Food Environment

    • Community food environment: measured by people's proximity to different types of food outlets or the density of various food outlets within a specific geographic area.
    • Consumer food environment: characterized by accessibility, variety, price, and quality of foods, as well as consumer information such as promotional signs.
    • Organizational food environment: shaped by features such as food preparation, retailing, or food growing facilities in institutional settings.
    • Food information environment: includes advertising, labeling, or educational curricula.

    Food Environment Affects Health Outcomes

    • Food environments are associated with body mass index (BMI) and the regular intake of unhealthy foods amongst adolescents.
    • The availability of unhealthy foods in and around schools is positively associated with their consumption.
    • Sedentary behavior, frequency of purchasing lunch from school cafeterias, and frequency of purchasing snacks from vending machines are also correlated with the food environment.

    Healthy Food Environments

    • Provide equitable access to healthy foods, including fresh fruits and vegetables, whole foods, and healthier options for prepared and pre-packaged foods.
    • Enable healthy food consumption and support healthy eating through community programs and infrastructure.

    Methodological Framework for Food Environment Research

    • Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Global Positioning Systems (GPS) are used to map food environments and observe food behaviors.

    Food Environments in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs)

    • Informal vendors dominate food markets in LMICs, providing cheaper, lower-quality foods.
    • Food deserts (limited access to healthy foods) and food swamps (wide availability of unhealthy foods) are common in urban communities in LMICs.
    • School food environments in LMICs are saturated with unhealthy food vendors.

    Rural and Urban Food Environments

    • Rural areas often have limited access to healthy food options and higher prices for healthy foods.
    • Urban areas have a greater variety of food options, but also higher prices for healthy foods.

    Recommendations to Improve the Food Environment

    • Restrict promotion of unhealthy food and beverages directed at children.
    • Implement mandatory nutritional labeling and calorie menu board labeling.
    • Investigate food composition standards and set sodium targets.
    • Introduce taxes on sugary drinks and restrict the opening of new fast-food outlets near schools and residential areas.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the concept of eating and eating behaviours, and their importance in disease prevention and health promotion.

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