Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of inhibitory control within higher-level cognitive processes?
What is the primary function of inhibitory control within higher-level cognitive processes?
Which task is commonly used to measure inhibitory control?
Which task is commonly used to measure inhibitory control?
Which of the following is a characteristic of cognitive flexibility?
Which of the following is a characteristic of cognitive flexibility?
Lower-level cognitive processes primarily refer to which type of activities?
Lower-level cognitive processes primarily refer to which type of activities?
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What effect has been observed among individuals with higher BMI regarding cognitive processes?
What effect has been observed among individuals with higher BMI regarding cognitive processes?
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Which level of eating behavior is primarily linked to physiological regulation and hunger?
Which level of eating behavior is primarily linked to physiological regulation and hunger?
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What is NOT a component of eating behavior according to the health-oriented definition?
What is NOT a component of eating behavior according to the health-oriented definition?
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Which statement best describes the complexity of eating behavior?
Which statement best describes the complexity of eating behavior?
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Which of the following best summarizes the role of eating behavior in behavioral medicine?
Which of the following best summarizes the role of eating behavior in behavioral medicine?
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Which of these factors would NOT typically influence meal timing and food selection?
Which of these factors would NOT typically influence meal timing and food selection?
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What role does leptin play in regulating appetite?
What role does leptin play in regulating appetite?
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Which of the following groups of neurons in the hypothalamus are associated with increased appetite?
Which of the following groups of neurons in the hypothalamus are associated with increased appetite?
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What is the primary function of ghrelin in the body?
What is the primary function of ghrelin in the body?
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Which of the following does insulin primarily promote in the body?
Which of the following does insulin primarily promote in the body?
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What are the three main levels of food intake regulation mentioned?
What are the three main levels of food intake regulation mentioned?
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Which process is NOT a component of the reward system in food intake?
Which process is NOT a component of the reward system in food intake?
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What increases the preference for a taste associated with glucose in rats?
What increases the preference for a taste associated with glucose in rats?
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Which of the following statements about leptin resistance is accurate?
Which of the following statements about leptin resistance is accurate?
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Which genetic variant is NOT associated with individuals who prefer Marmite?
Which genetic variant is NOT associated with individuals who prefer Marmite?
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The term 'social appetite' does NOT refer to which of the following?
The term 'social appetite' does NOT refer to which of the following?
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Which factor is NOT mentioned as explaining food choices in socio-cultural contexts?
Which factor is NOT mentioned as explaining food choices in socio-cultural contexts?
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What is identified as a food component for which there is a natural aversion?
What is identified as a food component for which there is a natural aversion?
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Which concept emphasizes the interaction of biological and social factors in eating behaviors?
Which concept emphasizes the interaction of biological and social factors in eating behaviors?
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Which of the following is considered a contributing factor of ‘McDonaldization’?
Which of the following is considered a contributing factor of ‘McDonaldization’?
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What aspect of food choices does NOT fall under the influence of marketing and social norms?
What aspect of food choices does NOT fall under the influence of marketing and social norms?
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What is the primary focus of the study conducted by de Araujo et al. in 2020?
What is the primary focus of the study conducted by de Araujo et al. in 2020?
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Which aspect of food choice was investigated by Peng-Li et al. in their 2020 study?
Which aspect of food choice was investigated by Peng-Li et al. in their 2020 study?
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In the meta-analysis by van der Laan et al., which factor was identified as crucial in processing visual food cues?
In the meta-analysis by van der Laan et al., which factor was identified as crucial in processing visual food cues?
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What did the research by Tsegaye et al. in 2022 examine in relation to people with obesity?
What did the research by Tsegaye et al. in 2022 examine in relation to people with obesity?
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What concept is primarily discussed in the Annual Review of Psychology by Diamond in 2013?
What concept is primarily discussed in the Annual Review of Psychology by Diamond in 2013?
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Which factor was found to influence the perception and evaluation of beers in the study by Reinoso-Carvalho et al.?
Which factor was found to influence the perception and evaluation of beers in the study by Reinoso-Carvalho et al.?
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Which phenomenon was reported by Milosavljevic et al. regarding consumer choices?
Which phenomenon was reported by Milosavljevic et al. regarding consumer choices?
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What theme is addressed by Michels et al. in their 2023 paper regarding food choices?
What theme is addressed by Michels et al. in their 2023 paper regarding food choices?
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Study Notes
What is Eating Behavior?
- Eating behavior is a complex interplay of physiologic, psychological, social and genetic factors that influence meal timing, quantity of food intake, food preference, and food selection
- Eating behavior can be measured using questionnaires like the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire
- Eating behavior is health-oriented encompassing food choice and motives, feeding practices, dieting, and eating-related problems
Three Levels of Eating Behavior
- Cognitive
- Homeostatic
- Hunger
- Leptin (produced by fat stores)
- Ghrelin (produced by the stomach)
- Insulin (produced by pancreas)
- Rewards
- Flavor-conditioned Response
Homeostatic Regulation
- Leptin is produced by fat stores and is anorexigenic (suppresses appetite)
- Ghrelin is produced by the stomach and is orexigenic (increases hunger)
- Insulin is produced by the pancreas and is anorexigenic (suppresses appetite)
- Insulin promotes glucose uptake
Hypothalamus
- The hypothalamus is the key regulator of food intake.
- It contains two groups of neurons:
- AGRP/NPY - Orexigenic (increases hunger)
- POMC/CART - Anorexigenic (suppresses appetite)
Reward System
- Reward system is divided into three components:
- Associative learning
- Incentive Salience
- Positively-valanced emotions
- Dopamine is the primary neurotransmitter associated with reward
Brain and Cognition
- Cognition includes lower-level and higher-level cognitive processes:
- Lower-level: Basic sensory perception (seeing, smelling, tasting)
- Higher-level: Complex processing (making a decision, setting goals, controlling a desire to eat)
Higher-Level Cogntive Processes
- Inhibitory Control: The ability to control impulses and override undesirable actions
- Working Memory: Holding and manipulating information mentally.
- Cognitive Flexibility: Adapting to changing contexts and switching between tasks
Acquired Taste
- There are three genetic variants associated with Marmite lovers: SIX3, OR12D1, and NRXN3.
- There are natural aversions to some food components like bitter and spicy.
The Social Appetite
- Refers to the context of food production, distribution, consumption, and disposal.
- Food choices are shaped by social context, and foods have social significance or meaning.
Factors Influencing Social Appetite
- Indigenous tradition
- Culinary history
- McDonalization
- Food Cosmopolitanism/Globalization
- Politics
- Marketing and social norms
- Class
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Explore the complex factors influencing eating behavior, including physiological, psychological, and social elements. This quiz covers the mechanisms of hunger and satiety, the roles of hormones like leptin, ghrelin, and insulin, and how they regulate food intake. Test your knowledge on the different levels of eating behavior and the questionnaires used to measure them.
