NCTRC Study Guide: Freud's Theory

Human Growth and Development

• Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory:

  • Oral Stage (0-2 years): Focus on mouth; conflict is weaning from breastfeeding.
  • Anal Stage (2-4 years): Focus on anus; conflict is toilet training.
  • Phallic Stage (4-5 years): Focus on genitals; Oedipus (boys) and Electra (girls) complexes arise.
  • Latency Stage (6-puberty): Sexual urges sublimated into sports and hobbies; same-sex friendships.
  • Genital Stage (puberty onwards): Reawakening of sexual feelings and pursuit of sexual gratification.

• Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development:

  • Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 1 year): Develop trust in others for basic needs.
  • Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-3 years): Independence in activities like toileting and walking.
  • Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5 years): Desire to engage in adult-like activities; may feel guilt when boundaries are crossed.
  • Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11 years): Learning competence or feelings of inferiority.
  • Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18 years): Exploration of self-identity and societal roles.
  • Formal Operational (11 years and up): Logical thinking about abstract concepts and hypothetical scenarios.

• Havinghurst Theory of Adult Development:

  • Early Adulthood: Focus on family formation, career initiation, and home management.
  • Middle Adulthood: Civic responsibility, economic stability, and leisure development, leading to retirement planning.

Theories of Human Behavior/Behavioral Change

• Stress:

  • Defined as a perceived imbalance between environmental demands and personal capabilities.
  • Involves a cognitive appraisal process: Primary (risk assessment) and Secondary (response options).

• Stress Management:

  • Coping involves managing stress and restoring equilibrium.
  • Four stress buffers include sense of competence, physical exercise, sense of purpose, and leisure activities.
  • Coping strategies can be problem-focused or emotion-focused.

• Attribution Model:

  • Involves causal analysis of behavior and outcomes attributed to personal characteristics, behavioral traits, and environmental context.
  • Changing behavior requires self-efficacy, behavioral capability, and positive outcome expectance.

• Diffusion of Innovation Theory (DIT):

  • Explains how new ideas are adopted in society.
  • Factors influencing diffusion include target population characteristics, environmental context, credibility of promoters, and quality/quantity of information shared.

• Stage Theory of Adaptation:

  • Based on Kubler-Ross's model regarding acceptance of death, stages include shock, defensive, depression, personal questioning, and adaptation.

• Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs:

  • Motivation theory categorizing needs from basic subsistence to achievement and self-actualization.

Key Legislation and Acts

• Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA):

  • Federal law ensuring services for children with disabilities from birth to age 21, emphasizing Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) and inclusionary practices.

• Older Americans Act (1965):

  • First federal initiative aimed at developing comprehensive services for older adults through state grants for community planning and support.

• Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA, 1996):

  • Ensures privacy protections for medical information, effective since April 14, 2003.

• 1996 Welfare Reform:

  • Shifted welfare responsibilities to states with strict time limitations (5 years) and no provisions for job training or childcare, affecting 13 million individuals.

• Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (1987):

  • Mandates engagement in programs for nursing home residents.

Theories of Play

• Psycho-Analytic Theory:
  • Play as a mechanism to alleviate anxiety; example includes play therapy where children use dolls to manage traumatic experiences.

Therapeutic Recreation Practice Settings

• Diverse practice environments include:
  • Hospitals, long-term care, mental health facilities, addiction treatment centers, rehabilitation units, schools, and community-based recreation centers.

Standards of Practice & Code of Ethics

• National Therapeutic Recreation Society (NTRS) Standards encompass:

  • Development and implementation across treatment, leisure education, and recreation services.
  • Structured plans, documentation, ethical responsibilities, and evaluation processes.

• NTRS Code of Ethics:

  • Emphasizes professional virtues such as integrity, honesty, competence, and self-awareness.