NCTRC Study Guide: Freud's Theory

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of a person in the formal operational stage of cognitive development?

  • Thinking logically about abstract propositions (correct)
  • Developing social relationships with peers
  • Understanding practical life skills
  • Solving concrete mathematical problems

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of early adulthood according to Havinghurst's Theory of Adult Development?

  • Developing leisure activities (correct)
  • Getting started in a profession
  • Having children
  • Finding a mate

What is the term used to describe the relationship among the individual characteristics, behavior, and environmental factors?

  • Reciprocal determinism (correct)
  • Cognitive dissonance
  • Behaviorism
  • Operant conditioning

In the process of stress appraisal, what does primary appraisal involve?

<p>Assessing the level of threat or risk (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of coping strategy focuses on addressing the specific problem causing stress?

<p>Problem-focused coping (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT associated with changing behavior according to the provided content?

<p>Social conformity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a buffer for managing stress with recreation and leisure?

<p>Financial security (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of 'Diffusion' in the context of Diffusion of Innovation Theory?

<p>The process by which an innovation spreads through a social system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key factor that influences the diffusion of innovation?

<p>Quality of information communicated (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Attribution Model is primarily concerned with which aspect of behavior?

<p>Causal analysis of behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is described as the human response to stress that seeks to return to equilibrium?

<p>Coping (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial stage in the Stage Theory of Adaptation?

<p>Shock (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is primarily associated with the middle adulthood stage in Havinghurst's Theory of Adult Development?

<p>41-60 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which need comes after the need for love and affection?

<p>Achievement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the five key factors influencing the diffusion of innovation?

<p>Methods of social media used (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stage in the Stage Theory of Adaptation involves personal reflection and questioning?

<p>Personal questioning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary conflict during Freud's Phallic stage of development?

<p>Oedipus and Electra complexes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Erikson's theory, what is the primary developmental task during the stage of 'Industry vs. Inferiority'?

<p>Acquiring competency and productivity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What age range corresponds to Freud's Genital stage of development?

<p>Puberty onwards (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a source of pleasure in Freud's Oral stage?

<p>Talking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which Erikson stage do children learn the importance of self-sufficiency in activities like toileting?

<p>Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conflict must adolescents resolve in Erikson's developmental theory?

<p>Identity vs. Role Confusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of play according to the provided theories?

<p>It is spontaneous, joyful, and reality-based (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At which stage do children first learn to trust that their basic needs will be met by caregivers?

<p>Trust vs. Mistrust (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)?

<p>To ensure children with disabilities receive Free Appropriate Public Education (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key provision of the Older Americans Act?

<p>It provides grants for community planning and services for older persons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant change introduced by the 1996 Welfare Reform?

<p>It transferred welfare programs from federal to state control (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During Freud's Latency stage, children's sexual urges are primarily redirected towards what activity?

<p>Hobbies and sports (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)?

<p>To protect the privacy of personal health information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In psychoanalytic theory, what role does play serve for an abused child?

<p>A means to express their feelings and reduce anxiety (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 require for nursing home clients?

<p>Engagement in prescribed programs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What age range does the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) cover for children with disabilities?

<p>Birth to age 21 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of therapeutic recreation practice setting?

<p>Corporate offices (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key purposes of models in therapeutic recreation?

<p>To accommodate new developments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a component of the National Therapeutic Recreation Society (NTRS) Standards of Practice?

<p>Documentation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of facilities are included under the addiction treatment centers in therapeutic recreation practice settings?

<p>Substance abuse rehabilitation centers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is included in the NTRS Code of Ethics?

<p>Practicing virtues of integrity and honesty (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following practice settings would therapeutic recreation most likely not take place?

<p>Corporate wellness programs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT part of the individual treatment/program plan in NTRS Standards of Practice?

<p>Financial Planning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key focus of the therapeutic recreation mission and purpose according to the NTRS Standards?

<p>Developing inclusive programs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Human Growth and Development

  • Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory:

    • Oral Stage (0-2 years): Focus on mouth; conflict is weaning from breastfeeding.
    • Anal Stage (2-4 years): Focus on anus; conflict is toilet training.
    • Phallic Stage (4-5 years): Focus on genitals; Oedipus (boys) and Electra (girls) complexes arise.
    • Latency Stage (6-puberty): Sexual urges sublimated into sports and hobbies; same-sex friendships.
    • Genital Stage (puberty onwards): Reawakening of sexual feelings and pursuit of sexual gratification.
  • Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development:

    • Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 1 year): Develop trust in others for basic needs.
    • Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-3 years): Independence in activities like toileting and walking.
    • Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5 years): Desire to engage in adult-like activities; may feel guilt when boundaries are crossed.
    • Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11 years): Learning competence or feelings of inferiority.
    • Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18 years): Exploration of self-identity and societal roles.
    • Formal Operational (11 years and up): Logical thinking about abstract concepts and hypothetical scenarios.
  • Havinghurst Theory of Adult Development:

    • Early Adulthood: Focus on family formation, career initiation, and home management.
    • Middle Adulthood: Civic responsibility, economic stability, and leisure development, leading to retirement planning.

Theories of Human Behavior/Behavioral Change

  • Stress:

    • Defined as a perceived imbalance between environmental demands and personal capabilities.
    • Involves a cognitive appraisal process: Primary (risk assessment) and Secondary (response options).
  • Stress Management:

    • Coping involves managing stress and restoring equilibrium.
    • Four stress buffers include sense of competence, physical exercise, sense of purpose, and leisure activities.
    • Coping strategies can be problem-focused or emotion-focused.
  • Attribution Model:

    • Involves causal analysis of behavior and outcomes attributed to personal characteristics, behavioral traits, and environmental context.
    • Changing behavior requires self-efficacy, behavioral capability, and positive outcome expectance.
  • Diffusion of Innovation Theory (DIT):

    • Explains how new ideas are adopted in society.
    • Factors influencing diffusion include target population characteristics, environmental context, credibility of promoters, and quality/quantity of information shared.
  • Stage Theory of Adaptation:

    • Based on Kubler-Ross's model regarding acceptance of death, stages include shock, defensive, depression, personal questioning, and adaptation.
  • Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs:

    • Motivation theory categorizing needs from basic subsistence to achievement and self-actualization.

Key Legislation and Acts

  • Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA):

    • Federal law ensuring services for children with disabilities from birth to age 21, emphasizing Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) and inclusionary practices.
  • Older Americans Act (1965):

    • First federal initiative aimed at developing comprehensive services for older adults through state grants for community planning and support.
  • Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA, 1996):

    • Ensures privacy protections for medical information, effective since April 14, 2003.
  • 1996 Welfare Reform:

    • Shifted welfare responsibilities to states with strict time limitations (5 years) and no provisions for job training or childcare, affecting 13 million individuals.
  • Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (1987):

    • Mandates engagement in programs for nursing home residents.

Theories of Play

  • Psycho-Analytic Theory:
    • Play as a mechanism to alleviate anxiety; example includes play therapy where children use dolls to manage traumatic experiences.

Therapeutic Recreation Practice Settings

  • Diverse practice environments include:
    • Hospitals, long-term care, mental health facilities, addiction treatment centers, rehabilitation units, schools, and community-based recreation centers.

Standards of Practice & Code of Ethics

  • National Therapeutic Recreation Society (NTRS) Standards encompass:

    • Development and implementation across treatment, leisure education, and recreation services.
    • Structured plans, documentation, ethical responsibilities, and evaluation processes.
  • NTRS Code of Ethics:

    • Emphasizes professional virtues such as integrity, honesty, competence, and self-awareness.

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