NCTRC Study Guide: Freud's Theory
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of a person in the formal operational stage of cognitive development?

  • Thinking logically about abstract propositions (correct)
  • Developing social relationships with peers
  • Understanding practical life skills
  • Solving concrete mathematical problems

    • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of early adulthood according to Havinghurst's Theory of Adult Development?

  • Developing leisure activities (correct)
  • Getting started in a profession
  • Having children
  • Finding a mate

    • What is the term used to describe the relationship among the individual characteristics, behavior, and environmental factors?

  • Reciprocal determinism (correct)
  • Cognitive dissonance
  • Behaviorism
  • Operant conditioning

    • In the process of stress appraisal, what does primary appraisal involve?

    <p>Assessing the level of threat or risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of coping strategy focuses on addressing the specific problem causing stress?

    <p>Problem-focused coping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT associated with changing behavior according to the provided content?

    <p>Social conformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a buffer for managing stress with recreation and leisure?

    <p>Financial security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of 'Diffusion' in the context of Diffusion of Innovation Theory?

    <p>The process by which an innovation spreads through a social system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key factor that influences the diffusion of innovation?

    <p>Quality of information communicated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Attribution Model is primarily concerned with which aspect of behavior?

    <p>Causal analysis of behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is described as the human response to stress that seeks to return to equilibrium?

    <p>Coping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial stage in the Stage Theory of Adaptation?

    <p>Shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group is primarily associated with the middle adulthood stage in Havinghurst's Theory of Adult Development?

    <p>41-60 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which need comes after the need for love and affection?

    <p>Achievement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the five key factors influencing the diffusion of innovation?

    <p>Methods of social media used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage in the Stage Theory of Adaptation involves personal reflection and questioning?

    <p>Personal questioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary conflict during Freud's Phallic stage of development?

    <p>Oedipus and Electra complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Erikson's theory, what is the primary developmental task during the stage of 'Industry vs. Inferiority'?

    <p>Acquiring competency and productivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age range corresponds to Freud's Genital stage of development?

    <p>Puberty onwards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a source of pleasure in Freud's Oral stage?

    <p>Talking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which Erikson stage do children learn the importance of self-sufficiency in activities like toileting?

    <p>Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conflict must adolescents resolve in Erikson's developmental theory?

    <p>Identity vs. Role Confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of play according to the provided theories?

    <p>It is spontaneous, joyful, and reality-based</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which stage do children first learn to trust that their basic needs will be met by caregivers?

    <p>Trust vs. Mistrust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)?

    <p>To ensure children with disabilities receive Free Appropriate Public Education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key provision of the Older Americans Act?

    <p>It provides grants for community planning and services for older persons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant change introduced by the 1996 Welfare Reform?

    <p>It transferred welfare programs from federal to state control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During Freud's Latency stage, children's sexual urges are primarily redirected towards what activity?

    <p>Hobbies and sports</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)?

    <p>To protect the privacy of personal health information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In psychoanalytic theory, what role does play serve for an abused child?

    <p>A means to express their feelings and reduce anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 require for nursing home clients?

    <p>Engagement in prescribed programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age range does the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) cover for children with disabilities?

    <p>Birth to age 21</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of therapeutic recreation practice setting?

    <p>Corporate offices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key purposes of models in therapeutic recreation?

    <p>To accommodate new developments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a component of the National Therapeutic Recreation Society (NTRS) Standards of Practice?

    <p>Documentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of facilities are included under the addiction treatment centers in therapeutic recreation practice settings?

    <p>Substance abuse rehabilitation centers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is included in the NTRS Code of Ethics?

    <p>Practicing virtues of integrity and honesty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following practice settings would therapeutic recreation most likely not take place?

    <p>Corporate wellness programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is NOT part of the individual treatment/program plan in NTRS Standards of Practice?

    <p>Financial Planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key focus of the therapeutic recreation mission and purpose according to the NTRS Standards?

    <p>Developing inclusive programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Human Growth and Development

    • Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory:

      • Oral Stage (0-2 years): Focus on mouth; conflict is weaning from breastfeeding.
      • Anal Stage (2-4 years): Focus on anus; conflict is toilet training.
      • Phallic Stage (4-5 years): Focus on genitals; Oedipus (boys) and Electra (girls) complexes arise.
      • Latency Stage (6-puberty): Sexual urges sublimated into sports and hobbies; same-sex friendships.
      • Genital Stage (puberty onwards): Reawakening of sexual feelings and pursuit of sexual gratification.

    • Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development:

      • Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 1 year): Develop trust in others for basic needs.
      • Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-3 years): Independence in activities like toileting and walking.
      • Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5 years): Desire to engage in adult-like activities; may feel guilt when boundaries are crossed.
      • Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11 years): Learning competence or feelings of inferiority.
      • Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18 years): Exploration of self-identity and societal roles.
      • Formal Operational (11 years and up): Logical thinking about abstract concepts and hypothetical scenarios.

    • Havinghurst Theory of Adult Development:

      • Early Adulthood: Focus on family formation, career initiation, and home management.
      • Middle Adulthood: Civic responsibility, economic stability, and leisure development, leading to retirement planning.

    Theories of Human Behavior/Behavioral Change

    • Stress:

      • Defined as a perceived imbalance between environmental demands and personal capabilities.
      • Involves a cognitive appraisal process: Primary (risk assessment) and Secondary (response options).

    • Stress Management:

      • Coping involves managing stress and restoring equilibrium.
      • Four stress buffers include sense of competence, physical exercise, sense of purpose, and leisure activities.
      • Coping strategies can be problem-focused or emotion-focused.

    • Attribution Model:

      • Involves causal analysis of behavior and outcomes attributed to personal characteristics, behavioral traits, and environmental context.
      • Changing behavior requires self-efficacy, behavioral capability, and positive outcome expectance.

    • Diffusion of Innovation Theory (DIT):

      • Explains how new ideas are adopted in society.
      • Factors influencing diffusion include target population characteristics, environmental context, credibility of promoters, and quality/quantity of information shared.

    • Stage Theory of Adaptation:

      • Based on Kubler-Ross's model regarding acceptance of death, stages include shock, defensive, depression, personal questioning, and adaptation.

    • Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs:

      • Motivation theory categorizing needs from basic subsistence to achievement and self-actualization.

    Key Legislation and Acts

    • Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA):

      • Federal law ensuring services for children with disabilities from birth to age 21, emphasizing Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) and inclusionary practices.

    • Older Americans Act (1965):

      • First federal initiative aimed at developing comprehensive services for older adults through state grants for community planning and support.

    • Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA, 1996):

      • Ensures privacy protections for medical information, effective since April 14, 2003.

    • 1996 Welfare Reform:

      • Shifted welfare responsibilities to states with strict time limitations (5 years) and no provisions for job training or childcare, affecting 13 million individuals.

    • Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (1987):

      • Mandates engagement in programs for nursing home residents.

    Theories of Play

    • Psycho-Analytic Theory:
      • Play as a mechanism to alleviate anxiety; example includes play therapy where children use dolls to manage traumatic experiences.

    Therapeutic Recreation Practice Settings

    • Diverse practice environments include:
      • Hospitals, long-term care, mental health facilities, addiction treatment centers, rehabilitation units, schools, and community-based recreation centers.

    Standards of Practice & Code of Ethics

    • National Therapeutic Recreation Society (NTRS) Standards encompass:

      • Development and implementation across treatment, leisure education, and recreation services.
      • Structured plans, documentation, ethical responsibilities, and evaluation processes.

    • NTRS Code of Ethics:

      • Emphasizes professional virtues such as integrity, honesty, competence, and self-awareness.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory with this quiz. It covers the stages of human growth and the associated conflicts and pleasure sources. Perfect for those studying for the NCTRC exam or anyone interested in psychology.

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