Sigmund Freud's Psychosexual Theory of Development

Learning Theories

• Lev Vygotsky's theory emphasizes active learning through life experiences, with a focus on social and cultural influences.
• Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development explains how individuals expand their abilities and understanding with support from more informed individuals.

Behavioral Theory

• Behavioral theory, dominated by John Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, and John B. Watson, focuses on environmental interaction influencing behavior.
• This approach uses operant and classical conditioning, which employs punishment and reinforcement to alter behaviors, but does not consider personal emotional development or thoughts.

Attachment Theory

• John Bowlby's attachment theory proposes that children are born with an instinctive need to form connections with caregivers, crucial for their survival and development.
• Attachment models propose that trusting relationships emerge in children receiving trustworthy care and support, impacting social relationships throughout life.

Psychoanalytic Theory

• Sigmund Freud's Psychoanalytic theory highlights the impact of unconscious desires and childhood experiences on behavior.
• Freud's psychosexual theory proposes that child development occurs in five stages centered on pleasure zones:
  • Oral Stage: Birth to 18 months
  • Anal Stage: 18 months to three years
  • Phallic stage: 3 years to 7-8 years
  • Latency Stage: 7-8 years to puberty
  • Genital Stage: Puberty to Adulthood

Psychosocial Theory

• Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory focuses on lifelong growth, with crises at each of eight stages shaping individuals.
• Successfully overcoming these challenges leads to psychological growth.

Social Learning Theory

• Albert Bandura's social learning theory suggests learning goes beyond conditioning, including behaviors learned through modeling and observation.
• Observation, whether live or through verbal interaction, plays a key role in learning, and characters in media can also influence behavior.

Cognitive Developmental Theory

• Jean Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory emphasizes children's thought processes and their impact on interactions and understanding of the world.
• Piaget's theory revolutionized child development by highlighting that children think differently than adults.
• It explains mental processes, different thinking patterns, and their influence on perception and engagement with the external world.