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Questions and Answers
What does Chomsky's theory of language acquisition emphasize?
What does Chomsky's theory of language acquisition emphasize?
Which study provides evidence for the influence of the environment on behavior through classical conditioning?
Which study provides evidence for the influence of the environment on behavior through classical conditioning?
What concept is illustrated by the behavior of aggressive children eliciting hostile responses from peers?
What concept is illustrated by the behavior of aggressive children eliciting hostile responses from peers?
How does Bandura's social learning theory explain aggression?
How does Bandura's social learning theory explain aggression?
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What significant finding was reported by Maguire et al. (2000) in their study on London taxi drivers?
What significant finding was reported by Maguire et al. (2000) in their study on London taxi drivers?
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What role does temperament play in the caregiver's response to an infant?
What role does temperament play in the caregiver's response to an infant?
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Which drug type is mentioned as being effective for treating depression with a physiological origin?
Which drug type is mentioned as being effective for treating depression with a physiological origin?
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What was the primary focus of the Stanford Prison Experiment?
What was the primary focus of the Stanford Prison Experiment?
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What is the primary focus of the prenatal stage of development?
What is the primary focus of the prenatal stage of development?
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What is the main developmental task during the infancy stage?
What is the main developmental task during the infancy stage?
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At what age does the childhood period typically begin?
At what age does the childhood period typically begin?
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Which factor is most critical in promoting healthy development during early childhood?
Which factor is most critical in promoting healthy development during early childhood?
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Which sub-stage of childhood is characterized by intense competition and a sense of pride in accomplishments?
Which sub-stage of childhood is characterized by intense competition and a sense of pride in accomplishments?
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What is a significant characteristic of the middle childhood stage?
What is a significant characteristic of the middle childhood stage?
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What is a key developmental task for adolescents?
What is a key developmental task for adolescents?
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Which of the following is true regarding the development across all stages of life?
Which of the following is true regarding the development across all stages of life?
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What impact does nurturing have on child behavior during development?
What impact does nurturing have on child behavior during development?
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Which of the following best describes child development?
Which of the following best describes child development?
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At what stage does a person typically start managing home and family responsibilities?
At what stage does a person typically start managing home and family responsibilities?
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What is the focus of Havighurst's Developmental Tasks Theory?
What is the focus of Havighurst's Developmental Tasks Theory?
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Which area of development is NOT mentioned in the context of child development?
Which area of development is NOT mentioned in the context of child development?
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What developmental task is primarily associated with middle age?
What developmental task is primarily associated with middle age?
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During which age range does about 95% of development occur?
During which age range does about 95% of development occur?
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Which developmental task is associated with later maturity?
Which developmental task is associated with later maturity?
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What is the primary focus of growth in children?
What is the primary focus of growth in children?
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At what age range does the 'toddler' classification occur?
At what age range does the 'toddler' classification occur?
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Which of the following characteristics is typical of preschoolers?
Which of the following characteristics is typical of preschoolers?
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What developmental milestone is associated with gross motor skills?
What developmental milestone is associated with gross motor skills?
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What is a key characteristic of older active toddlers aged 24 to 35 months?
What is a key characteristic of older active toddlers aged 24 to 35 months?
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Which domain of development involves gaining skills necessary to use language?
Which domain of development involves gaining skills necessary to use language?
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What is a defining trait of young teens aged 12 to 19 years?
What is a defining trait of young teens aged 12 to 19 years?
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Which age group is classified as 'infants'?
Which age group is classified as 'infants'?
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What are the four stages of cognitive development proposed by Jean Piaget?
What are the four stages of cognitive development proposed by Jean Piaget?
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What does Maslow's hierarchy of needs help us understand?
What does Maslow's hierarchy of needs help us understand?
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What is the significance of the 'Windows of Opportunity' for children aged 0-10?
What is the significance of the 'Windows of Opportunity' for children aged 0-10?
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What does Piaget's theory suggest about children's learning?
What does Piaget's theory suggest about children's learning?
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What aspect does Erikson's developmental theory emphasize?
What aspect does Erikson's developmental theory emphasize?
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What role do early experiences play in a child's brain development?
What role do early experiences play in a child's brain development?
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How is stimulation defined in the context of early childhood development?
How is stimulation defined in the context of early childhood development?
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What impact do emotionally intense experiences have during early childhood?
What impact do emotionally intense experiences have during early childhood?
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Study Notes
Nature vs. Nurture
- Chomsky & Language Acquisition: Language is innate and develops rapidly after a specific age. Evidence: children follow similar language acquisition stages
- Little Albert Experiment: Demonstrates phobic responses learned through classical conditioning. Implication: environmental manipulation influences behavior
- Stanford Prison Experiment: Participants adopted behaviors consistent with assigned roles. Implication: social roles influence behavior
- Bandura's Social Learning Theory: Aggression is learned through observation and imitation. Evidence: Bobo doll experiment
- Skinner & Language Learning: Language is learned through behavior shaping techniques.
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Nature-Nurture Interaction: Behavior is often a combination of genetics and environment.
- Temperament: influences how caregivers respond to infants.
- Gender: Expectations influence how people react to boys and girls.
- Rutter and Rutter on Aggression: Aggressive children often elicit aggressive responses, perpetuating a cycle.
- Maguire et al. (2000): Taxi drivers have larger hippocampi due to their navigational skills. Evidence: brain structure adapts based on experience.
Applications
- Drug Therapies: Treat psychological problems with a physiological origin, like SSRI's for depression.
- Environmental Adaptation: Shaping the environment to encourage desired behaviors: promote helping behavior, enhance learning, reduce aggression.
Stages of Development
- Developmental Change: Continuous process from conception to death. Involves physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes.
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Five Stages:
- Prenatal
- Infancy (birth to 2 years)
- Childhood (3 to 12 years)
- Adolescence (13 to 18 years)
- Adulthood (19 to death)
Prenatal Stage
- Starts at fertilization and encompasses all changes within the womb.
Infancy (Birth to 2 years)
- Complete dependence on caregiver.
- Development of trust and mistrust.
- Peak of autonomy and self-independency.
- Rapid physical, cognitive, and social development.
Childhood (3 to 12 years)
- Divided into three sub-stages:
- Early (3 to 6 years)
- Middle (7 to 10 years)
- Late (8 to 12 years)
Early Childhood (3 to 6 years)
- Pre-school age.
- Increased interaction with peers.
- Focus on play for skill development.
- Positive environment builds confidence; lack of appreciation leads to shame & guilt.
Middle Childhood (7 to 10)
- Hard work and diligence.
- Development of pride and a sense of accomplishment.
- Desire to compete and succeed.
- Forming relationships with family members.
- Preparing for reading.
Late Childhood (6 to 12 years)
- Learning physical skills for games.
- Developing social skills with peers.
- Mastering reading, writing, and counting.
- Developing morality and a value system.
- Achieving personal independence.
- Developing attitudes towards social groups.
Adolescence (13 to 18 years)
- Establishing maturity in relationships with peers of both sexes.
- Achieving emotional independence from parents.
- Developing occupational skills.
- Forming a value system.
- Striving for socially responsible behavior.
Early Adulthood (19 to 29 years)
- Establishing a career.
- Choosing a life partner.
- Learning to cohabitate with a partner.
- Starting a family.
- Managing household responsibilities.
Middle Age (30 to 60 years)
- Maintaining economic stability.
- Adjusting to physiological changes.
- Caring for aging parents.
- Engaging in civic and social responsibilities.
- Assisting teenage children in becoming responsible adults.
Later Maturity (60 years and above)
- Adapting to declining physical strength and health.
- Adjusting to retirement.
- Adjusting to the death of a spouse.
- Fulfilling social and civic obligations.
Havighurst's Developmental Tasks Theory
- Explains the challenges faced at each stage of life.
- Widely used in education.
Child Development in Different Domains
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Child Development: Growth and change from birth to adolescence.
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Domains:
- Biological
- Physical
- Cognitive
- Emotional
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Importance of the First 5 Years: Crucial for development; 95% of brain development is completed by age 5.
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Growth vs. Development:
- Growth: Physical changes in size and body shape.
- Development: Gaining complex knowledge and skills.
Pediatric Age Group Classification
- New Born (0-4 weeks)
- Infant (4-1 year)
- Toddler (1-3 years)
- Preschool (4-6 years)
- School-aged (6-11 years)
- Adolescent (12-19 years)
Characteristics of Different Age Groups
-
Young Infants: (6 weeks - 12 months)
- Developing trust and social interaction.
- Responding to faces, talking, cooing.
- Standing and walking.
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Mobile Young Toddlers: (13 months-23 months)
- Judgement based on perception.
- Expressing feelings through crying and body language.
- Coloring with the whole arm.
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Older Active Toddlers: (24 months- 35 months)
- Developing physical skills; less clumsy.
- Showing empathy for others' pain.
- Rapidly learning new words.
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Preschoolers: (36 months- 5 years 11 months)
- Good vocabulary and grammar skills.
- Searching for reasons and meaning.
- Jumping on one foot and walking backward.
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Early Elementary: (6-11 years)
- Sense of justice; judgement based on reasoning.
- Acquiring physical and learning skills.
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Young Teens: (12-19 years)
- Strong skills, interests, and abilities.
- Self-conscious and emotional.
- Capable of all physical tasks.
Developmental Milestones
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6 Domains:
- Fine motor
- Gross motor
- Cognitive
- Language
- Social & Emotional
- Spiritual & Moral
5 Domains of Development
- Physical: Biological growth, fine motor (small muscle) and gross (large muscle) motor skills
- Cognitive: Learning, remembering, thinking, intelligence.
- Social & Emotional: Positive social relationships, regulating and expressing feelings.
- Speech and Language: Understanding and using language.
- Self-Help & Adaptive: Daily living skills (dressing, eating etc.).
Cognitive Developmental Theory
- Piaget's Constructivist Theory: Children learn by building their own knowledge through experience.
- Adaptation: Schema development through Assimilation (fitting new information into existing schema) and Accommodation (modifying schema based on new information).
Social and Emotional Base Developmental Theory
- Erikson's Theory: Socio-cultural experiences shape development. Emphasis on the impact of the environment.
Jean Piaget
- Proposed cognitive developmental theory.
Piagets Theory
- 4 Stages of cognitive development:
- Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years): Exploration through senses and actions.
- Preoperational (2 to 7 years): Symbolic thought, egocentric thinking.
- Concrete Operational (7 to 11 years): Logical thinking about concrete objects and events.
- Formal Operational (11 to adulthood): Abstract reasoning, hypothetical thinking.
Abraham Maslow
- Developed the self-actualization theory.
Maslows Theory
- Hierarchy of Needs: Basic needs (food, shelter, security) motivate behavior towards growth needs (self-esteem, creativity, acceptance).
Importance Of Childhood Development
- Foundations for adulthood.
- Early brain development is crucial, with maximum activity and flexibility.
- Early experiences have a lasting impact.
Hazards to Development
- Motor Development: Delays in physical coordination.
- Social: Difficulty in social interaction and forming relationships.
- Speech: Delayed language development.
- Physical: Health issues and physical limitations.
- Personality: Emotional and behavioral problems.
- Birth-Related: Premature birth, birth complications, etc.
- Prenatal Period: Exposure to toxins, lack of prenatal care, etc.
Windows of Opportunity
- The brain is most receptive and responsive to experiences during early childhood.
- Positive and negative experiences have lasting effects.
What should we do?
- Provide enriching and stimulating environments for children's development.
- Implement early interventions to address developmental delays.
- Foster positive social and emotional development.
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Description
Explore the ongoing debate of nature versus nurture in psychology with this quiz. Topics include language acquisition, classical conditioning, social roles, and observational learning. Test your knowledge on significant experiments and theories that shape our understanding of behavior.
