Questions and Answers
What is socialisation?
The idea of learning to fit into culture.
What do biologists argue about behavior?
Behavior is natural and influenced by genetics.
What did Bouchard research?
What was the outcome of Bruce Reimer's case?
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What does Bowlby's evolutionary theory of attachment suggest?
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What is Bandura's social learning theory?
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Who is Oxana Malaya?
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What was Genie Wiley's situation?
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What does Anne Oakley argue about gender roles?
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Study Notes
Socialization
- Socialization involves learning to fit into one's culture and is central to the nature vs. nurture debate.
- Most sociologists believe that nurture outweighs nature, as norms and values are acquired rather than innate.
Evaluation of Behaviour
- Biologists argue that behavior is influenced by genetics and individuals are born with certain characteristics and personality traits.
Nature - Twin Studies
- Bouchard studied identical twins separated at birth, reuniting them later in life.
- Oskar and Jack exhibited significant similarities despite differing upbringings, indicating the role of genetics in behavior and preferences.
Experiments - Bruce Reimer
- Bruce Reimer's case exemplifies the nurture argument after a circumcision accident.
- Raised as a girl, he experienced identity confusion, attempted suicide, and later transitioned back to living as a male, illustrating potential limits of socialization on gender identity.
Evaluation of Gender Roles
- Anne Oakley posits that gender roles are socially constructed rather than biologically determined.
Bowlby's Attachment Theory
- Bowlby introduced the idea that children are genetically predisposed to form attachments to survive.
- He noted that behaviors like crying and smiling are innate social releasers that encourage proximity to caregivers.
Social Learning Theory - Bandura
- Bandura’s work emphasizes learning through observation of others' behaviors, termed modeling.
- Human behavior is explained through a dynamic interaction of cognitive, behavioral, and environmental influences.
Feral Children - Oxana Malaya
- Oxana Malaya, neglected and raised by dogs, demonstrated behaviors akin to those of dogs (e.g., barking, running on all fours).
- This case underscores the effects of extreme neglect and lack of human interaction on behavior development.
Evaluation of Feral Children
- Evidence indicates that some behaviors were likely conditioned by the poor caregiving environment, challenging the idea that all behaviors were innate.
- Oxana developed normal walking and talking skills, suggesting some behaviors can be unlearned.
Genie Wiley Case
- Genie was isolated for over ten years with no human interaction, raising questions about the critical periods for language acquisition and attachment formation.
- Despite some progress in socialization, she never achieved fluency in speech, highlighting the profound effects of severe social deprivation.
Anne Oakley's Gender Socialization
- Oakley outlines four processes through which families socialize children into gender roles:
- Manipulation, where children are encouraged or discouraged in gender-stereotypical behaviors.
- Additional methods include canalization, verbal appellation, and domestic activities, shaping children's perceptions of gender.
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Description
Explore key concepts surrounding the nature vs nurture debate with these flashcards. Each card provides definitions and insights into vital terms like socialisation and evaluation. Ideal for students of sociology and biology looking to understand how culture and biology shape behavior.
