Nature and Extremes of Intelligence

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Questions and Answers

What IQ score is usually considered to classify someone as intellectually gifted?

130 (correct)

120

140

150

According to Leta Hollingworth, what influences giftedness aside from genetics?

Economic status

Education and environment (correct)

Social class

Urbanization

What factor is said to influence which genes are activated in determining intelligence?

Geographic location

Environmental factors (correct)

Age

Heredity

What does the Flynn Effect illustrate regarding intelligence scores?

Impact of environmental changes on IQ scores Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about heredity and environment in determining intelligence is true?

Environmental factors determine how much genetic potential is realized. Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred from twin studies regarding IQ scores?

They reveal differences within groups can be attributed to heredity. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding social discrimination and intelligence test scores is accurate?

Cross-cultural studies have shown social discrimination can influence IQ scores. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a requirement for gifted individuals to achieve life success?

A supportive environment Signup and view all the answers

What does Charles Spearman's theory emphasize about intelligence?

Intelligence can be fully defined by a single score. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence?

There are multiple independent intelligences. Signup and view all the answers

What does Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence include?

Analytic, creative, and practical mental abilities. Signup and view all the answers

Which models combine the concept of general intelligence with multiple intelligences?

Carroll Three-Stratum and Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) models. Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as an intellectual disability?

A neurodevelopmental disorder with deficits in mental abilities. Signup and view all the answers

What IQ score is typically considered the threshold for intellectual disability?

Below 70. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recognized type of impairment in intellectual disability?

Moral judgment skills. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of Sternberg's successful intelligence?

It includes a combination of analytical, creative, and practical abilities. Signup and view all the answers

What is stereotype threat?

An occurrence where group members fear being evaluated based on negative stereotypes. Signup and view all the answers

Why might standardized IQ tests disadvantage minority group members?

They often reflect the cultural knowledge and values of white, middle-class individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What significant contribution did Robert Williams make to intelligence testing?

He created the Black Intelligence Test of Cultural Homogeneity. Signup and view all the answers

What factor can influence test performance according to the content?

Cultural differences in test-taking behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways to enhance creativity mentioned?

Engage in problem competition. Signup and view all the answers

The average IQ of the Burakumin in Japan is lower due to what main reason?

Discrimination and societal outcasting. Signup and view all the answers

How did the performance of Black students on the Black Intelligence Test compare to that of White students?

Black students outperformed White students. Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation acknowledged in creating culture-free intelligence tests?

It is impossible to design a completely culture-free test. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Nature of Intelligence

There's disagreement about defining intelligence
Charles Spearman proposed "g factor" (general intelligence) representing overall mental ability
Howard Gardner proposed "multiple intelligences" (8 independent intelligences)
Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory emphasizes universal aspects of intelligence and adapting to cultures
Sternberg's successful intelligence involves analytic, creative, and practical abilities
Current models combine general and multiple intelligences, such as Carroll Three-Stratum and Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) models, with three layers (strata)

Extremes of Intelligence

Intellectual disability is a neurodevelopmental disorder impairing mental abilities to the point of not meeting personal independence standards
Individuals with IQs below 70 are considered intellectually disabled, facing difficulties in conceptual, social, and practical skills
Individuals with IQs over 130 are considered intellectually gifted, showcasing exceptional abilities in areas of intelligence in relation to education and environment

Roles of Genetics and Environment

Individuals inherit a potential range for traits
Environmental factors determine how close they come to realizing that genetic potential
Genetic range of intellectual potential is influenced by many genes, not just one

Twin Studies

Comparing IQs between genetically related individuals helps explore heredity-environment issues
Identical twins share the same genes, differences due to environment
Genetically, fraternal twins are like any other pair of siblings
The closer the genetic relationship, the more similar the IQs

Heritability

Heritability is the percentage of variation within a population due to heredity (approximately 50% for general population)

Differences Within and Between Groups

IQ scores vary within groups and between groups
Flynn Effect: observed increases in average IQ scores across generations (attributed to environmental changes, not genetics)
Cross-cultural studies indicate average IQs may be lower in discriminated-against minority groups, even when racially similar to dominant groups (e.g., Burakumin in Japan)
Stereotype threat may affect performance on tests

IQ Tests and Cultural Bias

Standardized intelligence tests often reflect white, middle-class cultural knowledge and values
Minority individuals might perform poorly due to lack of familiarity with tested cultures, not lower intelligence
Language and cultural components of tests can lead to biased scores
It's hard to make culture-free tests

Creativity

Creativity involves cognitive processes to generate novel ideas related to problems
Strategies to enhance creativity include choosing a goal of creativity, reinforcing creative behavior, engaging in problem-seeking

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Description

Explore the various theories and definitions of intelligence, including Spearman's g factor and Gardner's multiple intelligences. Understand the implications of extremes in intelligence, such as intellectual disability and giftedness, and how they affect individual capabilities. This quiz delves into current models and classifications in the study of intelligence.