Nature and Extremes of Intelligence

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Questions and Answers

What IQ score is usually considered to classify someone as intellectually gifted?

  • 130 (correct)
  • 120
  • 140
  • 150

According to Leta Hollingworth, what influences giftedness aside from genetics?

  • Economic status
  • Education and environment (correct)
  • Social class
  • Urbanization

What factor is said to influence which genes are activated in determining intelligence?

  • Geographic location
  • Environmental factors (correct)
  • Age
  • Heredity

What does the Flynn Effect illustrate regarding intelligence scores?

<p>Impact of environmental changes on IQ scores (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about heredity and environment in determining intelligence is true?

<p>Environmental factors determine how much genetic potential is realized. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred from twin studies regarding IQ scores?

<p>They reveal differences within groups can be attributed to heredity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding social discrimination and intelligence test scores is accurate?

<p>Cross-cultural studies have shown social discrimination can influence IQ scores. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a requirement for gifted individuals to achieve life success?

<p>A supportive environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Charles Spearman's theory emphasize about intelligence?

<p>Intelligence can be fully defined by a single score. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence?

<p>There are multiple independent intelligences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence include?

<p>Analytic, creative, and practical mental abilities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which models combine the concept of general intelligence with multiple intelligences?

<p>Carroll Three-Stratum and Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) models. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as an intellectual disability?

<p>A neurodevelopmental disorder with deficits in mental abilities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What IQ score is typically considered the threshold for intellectual disability?

<p>Below 70. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recognized type of impairment in intellectual disability?

<p>Moral judgment skills. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of Sternberg's successful intelligence?

<p>It includes a combination of analytical, creative, and practical abilities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is stereotype threat?

<p>An occurrence where group members fear being evaluated based on negative stereotypes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might standardized IQ tests disadvantage minority group members?

<p>They often reflect the cultural knowledge and values of white, middle-class individuals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant contribution did Robert Williams make to intelligence testing?

<p>He created the Black Intelligence Test of Cultural Homogeneity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor can influence test performance according to the content?

<p>Cultural differences in test-taking behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways to enhance creativity mentioned?

<p>Engage in problem competition. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The average IQ of the Burakumin in Japan is lower due to what main reason?

<p>Discrimination and societal outcasting. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the performance of Black students on the Black Intelligence Test compare to that of White students?

<p>Black students outperformed White students. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation acknowledged in creating culture-free intelligence tests?

<p>It is impossible to design a completely culture-free test. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

g factor

A person's overall performance on tests of mental ability, representing general intelligence.

Multiple Intelligences

The theory that there are independent intelligences, each valued differently within a culture.

Triarchic theory

A theory of intelligence emphasizing both universal aspects and adapting to social/cultural environments.

Successful Intelligence

Intelligence involving analytic, creative, and practical mental abilities, focusing on adapting to one's environment.

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Carroll and CHC models

Models of intelligence that combine general and multiple intelligences, breaking it down into layers of abilities.

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Intellectual Disability

A neurodevelopmental disorder with deficits in mental abilities, impairing independent functioning.

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Conceptual Skills

A key aspect of intellectual functioning involved with abstract thinking, or understanding things like ideas and concepts.

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Social Skills

The ability to interact effectively and appropriately with others, understanding social situations.

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Practical Skills

Skills necessary for everyday tasks and managing life's practical challenges.

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Stereotype Threat

The fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about your group, leading to anxiety and decreased performance.

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Cultural Bias (IQ Tests)

Tests often reflect the cultural knowledge and values of the dominant group, potentially disadvantaging minority groups unfamiliar with that culture.

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Burakumin (IQ)

A group in Japan facing discrimination, their average IQ shows a difference (lower) compared to the mainstream population, but this decreases when environment changes to eliminate discrimination.

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Culture-Free Test

An impossible test design concept; a test inevitably tends to favor the culture in which it was developed.

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Creativity

The cognitive process of producing original and useful ideas or solutions.

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Enhancing Creativity

Strategies (C-R-E-A-T-E) for generating creative solutions – Choose, Reinforce, Engage, Acquire, Try, Expect.

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Intellectually Gifted

Individuals with an IQ over 130, exhibiting exceptional abilities related to intelligence.

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Leta Hollingworth

The individual who coined the term "gifted" and emphasized the impact of environment and education on giftedness, not just genetics.

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Flynn Effect

The observation that average IQ scores have risen across many nations over multiple generations.

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Heredity and Environment (Intelligence)

Both heredity (genes) and environment play critical roles in determining intelligence, influencing which genes are activated and how close intellectual potential is reached.

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Twin Studies (Intelligence)

Comparing IQ scores of genetically related individuals to estimate the relative influence of heredity in determining intelligence.

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Genetic Range (Intelligence)

Individuals inherit a potential range for a trait; environmental factors decide how close to realizing that potential they come.

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Differences within vs. between groups (Intelligence)

Estimating the degree of difference within specific IQ groups that may be due to heredity is possible, but estimating the differences between groups due to heredity is not.

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Environmental Factors (Intelligence)

Factors like education, experience and culture, that affect cognitive abilities and thereby, IQ.

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Study Notes

Nature of Intelligence

  • There's disagreement about defining intelligence
  • Charles Spearman proposed "g factor" (general intelligence) representing overall mental ability
  • Howard Gardner proposed "multiple intelligences" (8 independent intelligences)
  • Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory emphasizes universal aspects of intelligence and adapting to cultures
  • Sternberg's successful intelligence involves analytic, creative, and practical abilities
  • Current models combine general and multiple intelligences, such as Carroll Three-Stratum and Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) models, with three layers (strata)

Extremes of Intelligence

  • Intellectual disability is a neurodevelopmental disorder impairing mental abilities to the point of not meeting personal independence standards
  • Individuals with IQs below 70 are considered intellectually disabled, facing difficulties in conceptual, social, and practical skills
  • Individuals with IQs over 130 are considered intellectually gifted, showcasing exceptional abilities in areas of intelligence in relation to education and environment

Roles of Genetics and Environment

  • Individuals inherit a potential range for traits
  • Environmental factors determine how close they come to realizing that genetic potential
  • Genetic range of intellectual potential is influenced by many genes, not just one

Twin Studies

  • Comparing IQs between genetically related individuals helps explore heredity-environment issues
  • Identical twins share the same genes, differences due to environment
  • Genetically, fraternal twins are like any other pair of siblings
  • The closer the genetic relationship, the more similar the IQs

Heritability

  • Heritability is the percentage of variation within a population due to heredity (approximately 50% for general population)

Differences Within and Between Groups

  • IQ scores vary within groups and between groups
  • Flynn Effect: observed increases in average IQ scores across generations (attributed to environmental changes, not genetics)
  • Cross-cultural studies indicate average IQs may be lower in discriminated-against minority groups, even when racially similar to dominant groups (e.g., Burakumin in Japan)
  • Stereotype threat may affect performance on tests

IQ Tests and Cultural Bias

  • Standardized intelligence tests often reflect white, middle-class cultural knowledge and values
  • Minority individuals might perform poorly due to lack of familiarity with tested cultures, not lower intelligence
  • Language and cultural components of tests can lead to biased scores
  • It's hard to make culture-free tests

Creativity

  • Creativity involves cognitive processes to generate novel ideas related to problems
  • Strategies to enhance creativity include choosing a goal of creativity, reinforcing creative behavior, engaging in problem-seeking

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