Nationalism, Darwinism and the Enlightenment
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Questions and Answers

How did Serbian nationalism contribute to the start of World War I?

  • By advocating for peaceful negotiations and diplomatic solutions.
  • By promoting economic cooperation between Austria-Hungary and Serbia.
  • By destabilizing the Balkans and leading to the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. (correct)
  • By strengthening the Austro-Hungarian Empire through cultural exchange.

In what way did nationalism act as a unifying force in Germany during the 19th century?

  • By advocating for the dissolution of the German empire.
  • By encouraging regional fragmentation and local governance.
  • By creating a strong, centralized nation-state. (correct)
  • By weakening the central government and promoting ethnic divisions.

Which statement accurately contrasts the impact of nationalism on Germany and Austria-Hungary by 1914?

  • Nationalism strengthened both Germany and Austria-Hungary equally.
  • Nationalism had no significant impact on either Germany or Austria-Hungary.
  • Nationalism unified Germany but fragmented Austria-Hungary. (correct)
  • Nationalism unified Austria-Hungary while dividing Germany.

How did the Enlightenment influence ideas about human decision-making and societal progress?

<p>By promoting the idea that individuals could improve society through reason and education. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Charles Darwin's primary challenge to Enlightenment thinking?

<p>Darwin's theory suggested human behavior was influenced by evolutionary instincts, not just rationality. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Darwin's theory of evolution, what determines the survival of a species?

<p>Inherited traits that provide advantages in reproduction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way did Darwin's theory undermine the Enlightenment's concept of rational control?

<p>By implying that evolutionary instincts influence human behavior more than conscious thought. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Darwin's theory of evolution contradict the Enlightenment view of human exceptionalism?

<p>By suggesting that humans evolved from common ancestors through natural selection, like other species. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Freud's theories challenge Enlightenment beliefs?

<p>By proposing that unconscious desires significantly influence human behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary method used by the Spanish monarchy to consolidate power and enforce religious unity during the period of Ferdinand and Isabella?

<p>Utilizing the Spanish Inquisition to enforce religious conversion and expulsion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the influx of wealth, particularly silver, from the Americas affect Spain's role in Europe?

<p>It enabled Spain to fund its military and dominate European politics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Battle of Lepanto (1571) for Spain under Philip II?

<p>It demonstrated Spain's commitment to enforce Catholic dominance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between Darwin’s theory of evolution and the Enlightenment belief in human reason?

<p>Darwin’s theory challenged the Enlightenment view by suggesting that humans are primarily driven by biological instincts rather than reason. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Spain's acquisition of Portugal in 1580 under Philip II impact its global empire?

<p>It brought Portugal’s empire under Spanish control, expanding Spain's global reach. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key event in 1492 significantly contributed to Spain's rise as a global power?

<p>The completion of the Reconquista and Columbus's voyage to the Americas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the establishment of a centralized state by Ferdinand and Isabella affect the nobility in Spain?

<p>It reduced the nobility's power, strengthening royal authority. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the state of Spain's domestic industry during its decline?

<p>Spanish rulers prioritized war spending over investing in domestic industries, leading to reliance on imported goods. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary impact of Spain's overreliance on American silver during its period of decline?

<p>It caused inflation, devalued the currency, and negatively affected local industries. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the expulsion of Jews and Moriscos impact the Spanish economy during its decline?

<p>It resulted in the loss of skilled workers and merchants, negatively affecting the economy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a consequence of the Spanish Armada's defeat in 1588?

<p>It weakened Spain’s naval power, contributing to its overall decline. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the ultimate result of the Dutch Revolt (1568–1648) for Spain?

<p>Spain suffered a major defeat, resulting in the loss of the Dutch Republic. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the dominance of nobility and clergy affect Spain’s economic activity?

<p>The elite favored land ownership and government service over productive economic activity, leading to stagnation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treaty marked significant territorial losses for Spain to France during its decline?

<p>The Treaty of the Pyrenees (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major consequence of Charles II's death in 1700?

<p>It triggered the War of the Spanish Succession, leading to further territorial losses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main difference between the impact of nationalism in Germany and the Austrian Empire?

<p>Nationalism led to unification and strength in Germany but division and decline in the Austrian Empire. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Otto von Bismarck strategically use nationalism to unify Germany?

<p>By initiating a series of wars that rallied German states together against common enemies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors significantly hindered the development of national unity within the Austrian Empire?

<p>The presence of numerous diverse ethnic groups with competing nationalist aspirations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Austro-Prussian War (1866) in the context of German and Austrian nationalism?

<p>It weakened Austria's influence in German affairs and paved the way for Prussian-led unification. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the creation of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1867 attempt to address nationalist tensions, and why did it ultimately fail to fully resolve them?

<p>By dividing the empire into two separate entities, granting Hungary self-governance while still under Habsburg rule, but failing to satisfy other ethnic groups. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following most accurately describes the role of the Frankfurt Parliament (1848-49) in German unification?

<p>It failed to achieve unification due to internal divisions and opposition from powerful states. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key long-term consequence of German unification under Prussian leadership?

<p>The emergence of Germany as a dominant industrial and military power, altering the balance of power in Europe. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might the concept of Realpolitik be defined as it relates to Bismarck's actions in unifying Germany?

<p>A pragmatic approach to politics based on practical considerations rather than ideological motives. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor most significantly contributed to Spain's decline from a dominant European power by 1700?

<p>Economic mismanagement, costly wars, social stagnation, and weak leadership. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of mercantilist economic policies in Europe between 1600 and 1800?

<p>To maximize national wealth and power through state control over the economy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did mercantilist policies influence international trade relations during the 17th and 18th centuries?

<p>They promoted protectionist trade policies and colonial exploitation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why were colonies considered crucial to mercantilist economies?

<p>They supplied raw materials and served as captive markets for finished goods. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did government regulation play in mercantilist economies?

<p>Governments directed economic activity through state-sponsored industries and strict controls. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did England’s Navigation Acts exemplify mercantilist policies?

<p>By restricting colonial trade to English ships, ensuring economic benefits for England. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of European governments granting monopolies to state-backed trading companies during the mercantilist era?

<p>To control overseas commerce and maximize profits for the state. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What economic impact did the 'Wool Act of 1699' and the 'Iron Act of 1750' have on British America?

<p>They prevented colonies from competing with the mother country in the production of certain goods. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary role of state-controlled banks like the Bank of England and the Bank of Amsterdam during the mercantilist era?

<p>To manage national debt and facilitate trade, supporting mercantilist economic policies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key argument presented by economists, such as Adam Smith, against mercantilism?

<p>Free trade and competition fostered greater economic growth than state control. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies a mercantilist approach to international trade?

<p>A country establishes high tariffs on imports while subsidizing its export industries. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did powerful navies and merchant fleets contribute to mercantilist policies?

<p>They protected trade routes and enforced mercantilist policies through military strength. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best explains the relationship between mercantilism and colonialism?

<p>Mercantilism used colonies as sources of raw materials and markets for manufactured goods. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Anglo-Dutch Wars (1652-1674) and the War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714) are examples of conflicts driven by what?

<p>Competition for trade routes, colonial possessions, and economic dominance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Realism in art reflect the societal changes of the mid-19th century?

<p>By portraying everyday life, particularly the struggles of ordinary people and workers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Gustave Courbet's painting The Stone Breakers (1849) in the context of the Realism movement?

<p>It emphasized the harsh realities of poverty, hard labor, and social inequality. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Revolutions of 1848

Nationalist movements aimed at unifying German states.

Frankfurt Parliament

An assembly that attempted to create a unified Germany but failed.

Otto von Bismarck

Prussian Prime Minister who unified Germany through wars.

Realpolitik

Pragmatic politics focusing on practical objectives rather than ideas.

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Austro-Prussian War

A conflict in 1866 that excluded Austria from German affairs.

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Franco-Prussian War

War that united German states against France, leading to empire formation.

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Austro-Hungarian Empire

A dual monarchy created to manage ethnic diversity in Austria.

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Nationalism in Austria

Led to division and decline due to ethnic diversity.

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Nationalism in Austria-Hungary

A political force weakening the empire by increasing ethnic tensions and demands for autonomy.

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Serbian Nationalism

A movement that contributed to instability in the Balkans and was linked to the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

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Archduke Franz Ferdinand

His assassination in 1914 was a catalyst for World War I, fueled by nationalist tensions.

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Nationalism as a Divisive Force

In Austria-Hungary, nationalism increased fragmentation and conflict among various ethnic groups.

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Evolution by Natural Selection

Darwin's theory stating that species, including humans, evolve based on inherited advantageous traits.

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Challenge to Enlightenment Ideas

Darwin and Freud's concepts questioned the belief in human rationality and exceptionalism.

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Human Exceptionalism

The belief that humans are unique and superior due to rational thought and moral judgment.

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Rational Control

The Enlightenment notion that humans make decisions solely based on reason and logic.

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Golden Age of Spain

Period of cultural flourishing in Spain (16th–early 17th century).

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Decline of Spain

Economic and military downturn from 1580 to 1700.

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Economic Weakness

Dependence on silver, neglect of industries, and high taxes weakened Spain's economy.

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American Silver

Spain relied heavily on silver from the New World, causing inflation.

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Defeat of the Spanish Armada

Failed naval invasion of England in 1588, weakening Spain’s power.

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Thirty Years’ War

Conflict (1618–1648) that drained Spanish resources and led to defeat.

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Expulsion of Jews and Moriscos

Loss of skilled workers due to population expulsion (1609–1614).

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Habsburg rulers ineffectiveness

Later Habsburg kings were corrupt and incompetent, leading to decline.

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Freud's Unconscious

Freud believed much of human behavior is driven by unconscious desires.

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Darwin's Evolution

Darwin argued that human behavior is shaped by biological evolution and instincts.

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Mercantilism

Economic theory (1600-1800) emphasizing state control and colonial exploitation for national wealth.

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Favorable Balance of Trade

Policy where governments export more than they import to accumulate wealth.

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Enlightenment Rationality

The Enlightenment emphasized human reason, free will, and moral progress.

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Bullionism

Economic theory suggesting that a nation's wealth is measured by its stock of precious metals.

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Political Unification of Spain

Ferdinand and Isabella's marriage united Spain politically and reduced noble power.

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Government Regulation

Government actively directs the economy, controlling production, prices, and wages.

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Spanish Reconquista

The Reconquista ended in 1492, expelling Moors and establishing Christian rule.

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Overseas Expansion

Columbus's voyage led to Spanish dominance in the Americas and vast wealth.

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Navigation Laws

Laws enforcing colonial trade to be conducted on English ships, promoting domestic commerce.

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Colonial Expansion

The process of acquiring colonies to provide resources and markets for the mother country.

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Military Dominance

Charles V made Spain central to the Habsburg Empire; Philip II expanded power.

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Chartered Companies

State-backed monopolies granted control over overseas trade to manage commerce.

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Economic Strength of Spain

New World trade made Spain the wealthiest state in Europe during the era.

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British East India Company

A powerful trading company established in 1600 that controlled trade in India.

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Bank of England

Established in 1694 to manage national debt and trade.

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High Tariffs

Taxes on imports to control trade and protect domestic industries.

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Anglo-Dutch Wars

Conflicts fought between England and the Dutch Republic over trade dominance.

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Adam Smith

Economist who criticized mercantilism, advocating for free trade in 'The Wealth of Nations'.

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Realism

An art movement (1850s–1870s) portraying everyday life and social struggles.

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Gustave Courbet

A leading realist painter known for works like 'The Stone Breakers'.

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Study Notes

Nationalism in Germany: A Force for Unification and Power

  • 1848 Revolutions: German nationalists sought to unify independent German-speaking states, but failed due to lack of military support & opposition from Prussia and Austria.
  • Bismarck & Realpolitik (1860s-1871): Otto von Bismarck strategically used wars to unify Germany:
  • War with Denmark (1864): Established Prussian dominance in German affairs.
  • Austro-Prussian War (1866): Defeated Austria, excluding it from unification.
  • Franco-Prussian War (1870-71): United northern & southern German states, creating the German Empire under Prussian leadership.
  • Powerful German Empire: A unified, industrial, militarily dominant nation emerged, fostering:
  • Economic & military expansion.
  • Strong sense of cultural identity.
  • Loyalty to the newly formed German state.
  • Outcome: Political unification, economic growth, and military strength, making Germany a major European power by 1914.

Nationalism in the Austrian Empire: A Force for Division and Decline

  • Key Challenge: Unlike Germany, the Austrian Empire was a multi-ethnic empire (Germans, Hungarians, Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Serbs, Croats, Romanians), creating difficulty in achieving national unity.
  • 1848 Revolutions: Nationalist uprisings erupted across the empire particularly in Hungary and Bohemia, as different ethnic groups demanded independence or greater autonomy. Austria suppressed these uprisings, but tensions remained.
  • Austro-Prussian War (1866) & Decline: Austria's defeat by Prussia weakened its influence in German affairs and forced it to focus on internal stability.
  • The Dual Monarchy (1867): To appease Hungarian nationalists, Austria created the Austro-Hungarian Empire under the Habsburg monarchy:
  • The Compromise failed to satisfy other ethnic groups, leading to continued nationalist tensions.
  • The empire became politically fragile as different ethnic groups demanded greater autonomy or independence.
  • Outcome: Nationalism weakened the empire, created internal divisions. Serbian nationalism played a key role in destabilizing the Balkans, leading to the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (1914) and World War I.
  • Conclusion: In contrast to Germany's unification, nationalism in Austria-Hungary was destabilizing, with deepened ethnic tensions contributing to the empire's eventual decline by 1914.

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Questions cover the role of Serbian nationalism in WWI, nationalism in Germany, contrasting impacts on Germany and Austria-Hungary, and the impact of Enlightenment on human decision-making. The quiz consists of questions on Darwin's challenge to Enlightenment thinking and Freud's theories.

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