Nanotechnology and Atmospheric Science Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which gases were primarily present in the primitive atmosphere 4.5 million years ago?

  • Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor, and Oxygen
  • Hydrogen, Helium, Ammonia, and Methane (correct)
  • Nitrogen, Methane, and Hydrogen Sulfide
  • Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Carbon Dioxide

    • The secondary atmosphere was formed after significant volcanic activity released water vapor and carbon dioxide.

    True

    What process is responsible for the production of oxygen in the oxidizing atmosphere?

    Photosynthesis of cyanobacteria

    The breakdown of ammonia due to sunlight leads to the formation of __________.

    <p>nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the atmospheric stages with their characteristics:

    <p>Primitive Atmosphere = Composed of Hydrogen, Helium, Ammonia, and Methane Secondary Atmosphere = Formed by volcanic activity and includes water vapor and carbon dioxide Oxidizing Atmosphere = Characterized by the production of oxygen from photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecular arrangement is referred to as 'amorphous'?

    <p>Completely random arrangements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A polymer with higher crystallinity will have better clarity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of nanotechnology's scale?

    <p>1 to 100 nanometers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nanomaterials can be used in various fields including ______, electronics, and textiles.

    <p>healthcare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following properties of nanomaterials with their descriptions:

    <p>Molecular structure = Size and shape of particles Surface chemistry = Interaction with water and oils Size distribution = Variability in particle sizes Crystal structure = Arrangement of atoms in a crystalline form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of manufacturing method builds products from atomic-scale components?

    <p>Bottom-up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Materials with a greater molecular weight distribution are harder to melt.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who proposed the concept 'There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom'?

    <p>Richard Feynman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is primarily responsible for the alkalinity of water?

    <p>Bicarbonates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dissolved oxygen is essential for aerobic respiration in aquatic organisms.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern related to acidic waters?

    <p>Corrosive characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The smallest unit that can be considered 'soil' is called a _____

    <p>Pedon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following soil components with their descriptions:

    <p>Peds = Aggregated sand, silt, and clay particles Profiles = Layers of varying soil properties Pedon = Smallest unit of soil Soil Chemistry = Study of chemical properties of soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ions primarily cause the hardness of water?

    <p>Divalent metallic cations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Low levels of dissolved oxygen can lead to fish kills.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done first in the event of a chemical spill?

    <p>Contain the spill</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Environmental Soil Chemistry concerned with?

    <p>Chemical reactions between soils and environmentally important substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You should pour chemical waste down the drain when cleaning up.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you seek for advice during a chemical fire?

    <p>MSDS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In case of a fire, you should immediately ______ the area.

    <p>evacuate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the actions to their appropriate situations:

    <p>Extinguish flames = When the fire can be safely managed Evacuate area = In case of danger from fire Contain spill = To minimize chemical exposure and spread Notify supervisor/security = When emergencies arise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Wetterhahn’s blood mercury level compared to the toxic threshold?

    <p>80 times the toxic threshold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proper chemical handling does not require routine inspections of storage areas.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with unwanted or expired chemicals?

    <p>They should be removed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proper _______ is necessary to prevent incompatible materials from coming into contact.

    <p>segregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following colors with their chemical compatibility:

    <p>White = Compatible Red = Incompatible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum frequency for inspecting chemical storage areas?

    <p>Annually</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stopping and thinking is advised during a chemical spill response.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can reduce the inherent hazards of chemicals?

    <p>Minimizing the quantity of chemicals on hand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary cause of the explosion in the University of Missouri incident?

    <p>Ignition source contacting hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The flash point of petroleum ether is higher than 0°C.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does MSDS stand for?

    <p>Material Safety Data Sheet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ is a non-binding system developed for classifying and communicating hazards of chemical products globally.

    <p>Globally Harmonized System (GHS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of chemical safety with their descriptions:

    <p>PPE = Equipment to minimize exposure to hazards Hazard Communication = System to inform workers about chemical hazards MSDS = Document detailing safety information of chemicals Chemical Spill Response = Actions taken to manage unintentional releases of chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method for communicating hazards to workers?

    <p>Personal experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chemical exposure is an essential factor to consider in laboratory safety.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of personal protective equipment (PPE)?

    <p>To protect workers from exposure to hazardous chemicals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In case of a chemical spill, it is essential to follow your lab's ________ response protocols.

    <p>chemical spill</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) include?

    <p>Emergency and first-aid procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the bond angle of liquid water?

    <p>105°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hydrogen atoms in a water molecule are negatively charged.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the latent heat of vaporization for water at 100 °C?

    <p>540 calories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water can form up to ___ hydrogen bonds due to its polar nature.

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the property of water with its definition:

    <p>Cohesion = The tendency of water molecules to stick to each other High Specific Heat Capacity = The ability of water to resist changes in temperature Osmosis = The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane Expansion = The increase in volume when water freezes into ice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following properties is NOT associated with Manganese Steel?

    <p>High ductility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chromium Steel contains Vanadium as an alloying element.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of Cobalt Steel?

    <p>Making permanent magnets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aluminum is produced mainly from __________.

    <p>bauxite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the metal with its primary use:

    <p>Nickel = Boiler plates and propeller shafts Copper = Electrical cables and wires High Speed Steel = Lathe tools and drill cutters Aluminum = Manufacturing of electrical conductors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of High Speed Steel is significant for its use?

    <p>Maintains cutting power at high temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Copper is typically found only in combined forms in nature.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one property of Aluminum.

    <p>Good conductor of heat and electricity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the calculation for linear density?

    <p>Number of atoms on the direction vector divided by length of the direction vector</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All metals possess a crystalline structure.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an alloy?

    <p>A mixture or compound of two or more elements, at least one of which is metallic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A __________ solid solution is formed when atoms of one element replace atoms in the unit cell of another element.

    <p>substitutional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of solutions with their characteristics:

    <p>Substitutional solid solution = Atoms of solvent element are replaced by dissolved element Interstitial solid solution = Dissolving element fits into vacant spaces between base metal atoms Intermediate phase = Forms when dissolving element exceeds solid solubility limit Solid solution = Single-phase structure formed by dissolved element in a solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enhances the properties of metals in engineering applications?

    <p>Alloying with other elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intermediate phases have a crystalline structure similar to that of the pure metals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify one type of solid solution.

    <p>Substitutional solid solution or Interstitial solid solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a route of chemical exposure?

    <p>Inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Less toxic chemicals are always safe to handle without protection.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first control measure in the hierarchy of risk controls?

    <p>Eliminate the hazard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic exposure can lead to long-term __________.

    <p>illnesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of personal protective equipment (PPE) with their purposes:

    <p>Gloves = Minimize hand exposure Lab coats = Protect clothing and skin Safety shoes = Prevent foot injuries Face shields = Protect face from splashes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one example of an engineering control?

    <p>Fume hoods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The case of Sheharbano “Sheri” Sangji is notable for being the first criminal case resulting from an academic laboratory accident.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who discovered ozone in 1840?

    <p>Christian Friedrich Schonbein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Karman Line is the boundary between the atmosphere and outer space.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one important milestone related to the discovery of atmospheric chemistry in 1995.

    <p>Mario Molina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the 1750s, carbon dioxide was discovered by ______.

    <p>Joseph Black</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following atmospheric discoveries with their discoverers:

    <p>Ozone = Christian Friedrich Schonbein Hydrogen = Henry Cavendish Nitrogen = Daniel Rutherford Argon = Lord Rayleigh and William Ramsay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist developed a spectrophotometer in 1924?

    <p>Gordon Dobson</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The atmosphere is a thin layer of gases at high altitudes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action should NOT be taken during a chemical fire situation?

    <p>Evacuate the area immediately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is acceptable to pour chemical waste down the drain if you are cleaning up.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant role does oxygen (O3) play in making life on Earth possible?

    <p>It absorbs UV radiation and forms a protective ozone layer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You should seek ______ for advice during a chemical fire.

    <p>MSDS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following actions with their appropriate situations:

    <p>Remove contaminated clothing = Chemical spill Call emergency number = Fire situation Notify supervisor/security = Any hazardous event Use proper PPE = Handling chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most significant greenhouse gas in the atmosphere?

    <p>Water Vapor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Argon is the most abundant gas in the Earth's atmosphere.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process continually exchanges Carbon Dioxide between the atmosphere and biosphere?

    <p>photosynthesis and respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water vapor can hold more moisture at higher __________ temperatures.

    <p>air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following atmospheric gases with their characteristics:

    <p>Oxygen = Exchanged through photosynthesis and respiration Argon = Third most abundant gas in the atmosphere Carbon Dioxide = Absorbs significant infrared radiation Water Vapor = Most crucial greenhouse gas affecting climate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following gases was released during the formation of the secondary atmosphere?

    <p>Ammonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oxygen was primarily produced from the photosynthesis of cyanobacteria during the oxidizing atmosphere stage.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant environmental change occurred as the Earth cooled after the formation of the secondary atmosphere?

    <p>Formation of oceans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primitive atmosphere was similar in composition to that of _______ and Jupiter today.

    <p>Saturn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which alloying element is added to Chromium Steel to enhance its properties?

    <p>Vanadium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nickel Steel is used primarily for making electrical conductors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the properties of Aluminum?

    <p>Lightweight, malleable, ductile, good conductor of heat and electricity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cobalt Steel is primarily used for making __________.

    <p>permanent magnets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following non-ferrous metals with their common uses:

    <p>Aluminum = Making cooking utensils Copper = Manufacturing electrical cables Zinc = Galvanizing steel Lead = Making batteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of Manganese Steel?

    <p>Gears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much tungsten content is typically found in High Speed Steel?

    <p>Up to 7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vanadium Steel is used for making parts in the automotive industry.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does tensile strength allow a material to do under load?

    <p>Deform without breaking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Shearing stress is caused by forces applied perpendicular to the area of resistance.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating normal stress?

    <p>σ = F / A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Simple strain is also known as ________ deformation.

    <p>unit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of stress with their definitions:

    <p>Normal Stress = Strength of a material per unit area Tensile Stress = Results in increase in length Compressive Stress = Results in decrease in length Bearing Stress = Contact pressure between separate bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes ductile materials from brittle materials?

    <p>Ductile materials have large tensile strains before rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All materials exhibit the same stress-strain diagram.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dimensionless ratio that defines simple strain?

    <p>Change in length / Original length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the stress-strain diagram, the x-axis represents ________.

    <p>strain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unit is commonly used to express maximum stress?

    <p>Pa (Pascal)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions should be taken first in the event of a chemical spill?

    <p>Remove contaminated clothing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the event of a chemical fire, you should call the emergency number only after evacuating the area.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You should not pour chemical waste down the ________.

    <p>drain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following chemical safety actions with their appropriate purposes:

    <p>Remove contaminated clothing = Minimize exposure to chemicals Notify workers in the area = Ensure safety of others Use proper PPE = Protect yourself from hazards Seek MSDS for advice = Gather information on chemical properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist is credited with the discovery of ozone?

    <p>Christian Friedrich Schonbein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Karman Line identifies the boundary between the Earth's atmosphere and the ocean.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1995 for work related to atmospheric chemistry?

    <p>Paul Crutzen, Mario Molina, Frank Sherwood Rowland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ozone is represented by the chemical formula __________.

    <p>O3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the year of discovery with the corresponding element or compound:

    <p>1750s = Carbon Dioxide 1766 = Hydrogen 1772 = Nitrogen 1894 = Argon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the atmosphere surrounding the Earth?

    <p>To serve as a shield protecting life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oxygen molecules absorb UV radiation to form ozone, which is essential for life on Earth.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What essential discovery did Gordon Dobson contribute to atmospheric chemistry in 1924?

    <p>He developed a spectrophotometer and started measurements of total-column ozone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the coordination number for the Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) structure?

    <p>12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Atomic Packing Factor (APF) for Simple Cubic (SC) is greater than that for Body-Centered Cubic (BCC).

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating Atomic Packing Factor (APF)?

    <p>APF = Volume of atoms / Volume of unit cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ density refers to the packing of atoms in a specific plane.

    <p>Planar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following crystal structures with their respective Atomic Packing Factors (APF):

    <p>Simple Cubic (SC) = 0.52 Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) = 0.74 Body-Centered Cubic (BCC) = 0.68 Hexagonal Close-Packed (HCP) = 0.74</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes a unit cell?

    <p>A tiny block representing the symmetry of a crystal structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lattice points in a crystalline structure are randomly arranged throughout the material.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the six lattice parameters used to describe crystal structures?

    <p>a, b, c, α, β, γ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lattice parameters consist of the lengths of the axes a, b, and c, and the angles _____, _____, and _____.

    <p>α, β, γ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to crystal structures with their definitions:

    <p>Lattice Point = A point representing the position of an atom Unit Cell = The smallest repeating unit in a crystal Lattice Array = The arrangement of lattice points Lattice Space = The space covered by the lattice points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metal was the first used by mankind according to historical records?

    <p>Gold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the three areas of science that focus on the study of materials.

    <p>Engineering Materials, Material Science, Materials Engineering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Properties of crystalline solids are independent of the crystal structure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Soil Organic Matter (SOM) also known as?

    <p>Humus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Humin is insoluble in dilute acid.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of organic matter on soil water retention?

    <p>It can hold up to 20 times its weight in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ substances are compounds such as amino acids and carbohydrates, while __________ substances are formed by secondary synthesis reactions.

    <p>Nonhumic, Humic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of soil is primarily responsible for the dark color seen in many soils?

    <p>Organic matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Humic substances include undecayed plant and animal tissues.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of humic substances mentioned?

    <p>Humic acid, Fulvic acid, Hymatomelanic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method by which nitrogen is removed from the atmosphere?

    <p>Nitrogen fixation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of a non-flowing body of water is known as the surface layer that is constantly exposed to solar radiation?

    <p>Epilimnion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water vapor is classified as a constant gas in the atmosphere.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypolimnion is characterized by high levels of dissolved oxygen.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the formation of distinct layers in a non-flowing body of water due to temperature differences?

    <p>Thermal Stratification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one trace gas present in the atmosphere.

    <p>Methane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main components of the atmosphere by volume are nitrogen, oxygen, and __________.

    <p>argon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cold water can dissolve more _______ than warm water.

    <p>oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following layers of a body of water with their primary characteristics:

    <p>Epilimnion = Surface layer exposed to sunlight Thermocline = Layer with high dissolved oxygen due to algae Hypolimnion = Bottom layer, anaerobic and low in oxygen Thermal Stratification = Process causing distinct layers in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following gases to their classification:

    <p>Nitrogen = Constant Gas Carbon Dioxide = Variable Gas Water Vapor = Highly Variable Gas Ozone = Short-lived Trace Gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the residence time of a gas in the atmosphere?

    <p>The average amount of time a gas spends in the atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Denitrification is the process where nitrogen is returned to the atmosphere.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The average percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere is approximately ____________.

    <p>20.95%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is tensile strength?

    <p>The maximum load a material can handle before breaking under tensile loading.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Shearing stress is caused by forces applied perpendicular to the area of resisting force.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ratio of the change in length to the original length is known as _______.

    <p>strain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of stress with their descriptions:

    <p>Normal Stress = Strength of a material per unit area Shearing Stress = Stress caused by forces applied parallel to the area Compressive Stress = Stress that results in a decrease in length Tensile Stress = Stress that results in an increase in length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of materials are characterized by significant tensile strain prior to rupture?

    <p>Ductile materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stress-strain diagram differs in form for various materials, including ductile and brittle types.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the shearing stress formula represent?

    <p>τ = V/A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The maximum stress experienced by a material during tension is known as _______.

    <p>tensile strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following materials is an example of a brittle material?

    <p>Concrete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process enhances the availability of micronutrients to higher plants?

    <p>Chelation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Organic matter is soluble in water due to its association with clay.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does CEC stand for in soil chemistry?

    <p>Cation Exchange Capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The decomposition of organic matter yields carbon dioxide and __________ which are essential for plant growth.

    <p>nutrient elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the soil decontamination techniques with their categories:

    <p>Volatilization = In Situ Techniques Land Treatment = Non In Situ Techniques Biodegradation = In Situ Techniques Thermal Treatment = Non In Situ Techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas is the most abundant greenhouse gas in the atmosphere?

    <p>Water Vapor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The increase in carbon dioxide levels is primarily a result of natural processes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of total atmospheric water vapor is found in the lower 5 km of the atmosphere?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary reason air can hold more water vapor is the __________ temperature.

    <p>higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the atmospheric gases with their significant characteristics:

    <p>Oxygen = Involved in photosynthesis and respiration Argon = Third most abundant gas in the atmosphere Water Vapor = Significant greenhouse gas affecting radiation budgets Carbon Dioxide = Exchanged through photosynthesis and respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of cobalt-based super alloys at high temperatures?

    <p>Excellent tensile strength and corrosion resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Room temperature strength properties of cobalt-based alloys are outstanding compared to other metals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what temperature range do cobalt-based super alloys typically operate?

    <p>1100°C (2000°F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ is a softening process in metal processing that involves heating and cooling slowly.

    <p>Annealing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following processes with their descriptions:

    <p>Quenching = Heating and cooling rapidly to harden metals Tempering = Heating hardened metals to reduce brittleness Cold Working = Strengthening metals by changing their shape without heat Annealing = Softening metals through controlled heating and cooling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following applications would most likely require the use of high-performance super alloys?

    <p>Gas turbines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cold working increases the ductility of the metal.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does heating have on the grain size of metals?

    <p>Grain size increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Soil Organic Matter (SOM) is true?

    <p>SOM includes partially decomposed products of organic matter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Humic acids are soluble in both dilute acid and alkali.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of humin in soil?

    <p>Humin cements soil particles and stabilizes soil structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Soil organic matter can hold up to _____ times its weight in water.

    <p>20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following soil components with their appropriate definitions:

    <p>Humic substances = Derived from decomposition processes and contribute to soil color Nonhumic substances = Organic matter that includes known biochemistry classes Soil biomass = Organic matter that consists of live microbial tissue Fulvic acid = The colored material remaining after the removal of humic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property of organic matter in soil can improve moisture retention, particularly in sandy soils?

    <p>Holding a significant amount of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hymatomelanic acid is an alcohol soluble portion of fulvic acid.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does organic matter have on the permeability of soil?

    <p>Organic matter increases soil permeability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element was discovered by Henry Cavendish in 1766?

    <p>Hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ozone was discovered in the 19th century.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Karman Line?

    <p>The imaginary boundary between the atmosphere and outer space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbon dioxide was discovered by ________.

    <p>Joseph Black</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following scientists with their significant contributions to atmospheric chemistry:

    <p>Gordon Dobson = Developed a spectrophotometer Sydney Chapman = Theorized the ozone layer James Lovelock = First detected CFCs Paul Crutzen = Nobel Prize for ozone chemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas is primarily responsible for protecting life on Earth?

    <p>Ozone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The atmospheric composition decreases with increasing altitude.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who jointly received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1995 for work related to ozone?

    <p>Paul Crutzen, Mario Molina, and Frank Sherwood Rowland.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the flash point of petroleum ether?

    <p>−50℃</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Globally Harmonized System (GHS) is a legally binding system for chemical labeling.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The warning system in the University of Missouri incident was designed to signal when too much ______ enters the anaerobic hood.

    <p>hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can hazards be communicated to workers?

    <p>Labels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The case study involving petroleum ether resulted in no injuries.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of Hazard Communication?

    <p>To allow workers to know the hazards and identities of the chemicals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of an MSDS?

    <p>Recipe for using the chemical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a proper way to dispose of chemicals?

    <p>Dispose in appropriate containers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is safe to eat or drink near chemicals in a laboratory.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential action when handling contaminated glassware?

    <p>Handle with care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You should always wear appropriate _______ when working with chemicals.

    <p>safety gear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following chemical safety rules with the appropriate actions:

    <p>Store chemicals in their original containers = Prevents chemical reactions and ensures proper labeling Use care in handling contaminated needles = Reduces risk of injury and exposure Dispose chemicals properly = Meets environmental safety standards Know chemical properties and toxicity = Informs safe handling and first aid measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the coordination number for a Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) crystal structure?

    <p>12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define the term 'Planar Density' in crystallography.

    <p>Planar density refers to the density of atomic packing on a particular plane within a crystal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The formula for the Atomic Packing Factor (APF) can be described as: APF = 'Volume of atoms' / 'Volume of ________'.

    <p>unit cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the crystal structure with its Atomic Packing Factor (APF):

    <p>Simple Cubic (SC) = 0.52 Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) = 0.74 Body-Centered Cubic (BCC) = 0.68 Hexagonal Close-Packed (HCP) = 0.74</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of science focuses specifically on the study of materials used in engineering?

    <p>Engineering Materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gold was the first metal used by mankind.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic structural unit of a crystal structure called?

    <p>unit cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ is a periodic arrangement of points in space related to a three-dimensional network of lines.

    <p>space lattice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to lattice structure with their descriptions:

    <p>Lattice Point = Each atom represented by a point Lattice Array = Arrangement of lattice points Unit Cell = Basic structural unit of crystal Lattice Parameters = Specifications defining the lattice structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the six lattice parameters?

    <p>d</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A unit cell can be described as a small repeat entity of an infinite lattice.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules typically defines the properties of crystalline solids?

    <p>crystal structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of chemical exposure through the skin?

    <p>Absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic exposure to chemicals typically results in short-term health effects.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one example of personal protective equipment (PPE).

    <p>gloves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___ exposure may cause symptoms like nausea and dizziness.

    <p>Acute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following protection measures with their descriptions:

    <p>Eliminate the hazard = Stop using harmful materials. Substitute = Use less harmful alternatives. Engineering controls = Install safety equipment. Personal protective equipment = Wear gear to protect against hazards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measure comes first in the hierarchy of risk controls?

    <p>Eliminate the hazard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Highly toxic chemicals cannot be safely used under any conditions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What notable case is mentioned regarding a laboratory accident?

    <p>The Sheharbano 'Sheri' Sangji case</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the property of a material that allows it to deform under tensile loading without breaking?

    <p>Tensile strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tensile stress results in a decrease in length of a material.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______ is defined as the change in length caused by the applied force divided by the initial length.

    <p>strain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which material classification has relatively large tensile strains up to the point of rupture?

    <p>Ductile materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Shearing stress is also known as tangential stress.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of materials have a relatively small strain up to the point of rupture?

    <p>Brittle materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The graph showing stress and strain is known as the _______ diagram.

    <p>stress-strain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of soil organic matter (SOM)?

    <p>Stores water and nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What measurement units are commonly used to express stress?

    <p>Psi, N/mm², or MPa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Humic acid is soluble in dilute acid.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are humic substances formed from?

    <p>Secondary synthesis reactions of organic matter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dark-colored organic material extracted from soil by various reagents is known as __________.

    <p>humin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect can organic matter in soil have on water retention?

    <p>Can hold up to 20 times its weight in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hymatomelanic acid is the soluble portion of humic acid.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is responsible for the typical dark color of soils?

    <p>The presence of organic matter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction

    • Engineering materials are crucial for daily life and survival.
    • Gold was the first metal used, followed by copper.
    • Engineering materials, material science, and materials engineering are areas of science focused on the study of materials.
    • These fields are critical in various engineering purposes and requirements.
    • Iron is the most popular metal used in engineering.
    • All metals have a crystalline structure.

    Basic Concepts of Crystal Structure

    • Crystalline solids' properties depend on their crystal structure.
    • The crystal structure describes how atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in space.
    • Space lattice is a periodic arrangement of points in space.
    • Lattice points represent atoms.
    • Lattice array is the arrangement of lattice points.
    • Lattice space is the space covered by the lattice points.
    • The unit cell is a tiny block that represents the symmetry of the crystal structure. This is a small repeating entity within the lattice.
    • Unit cells help define the basic building block of the crystal structure.
    • Lattice parameters (a, b, c, α, β, and γ) describe the dimensions and angles of the unit cell. These are typically measured in Angstroms (Å).
    • There are seven crystal systems (cubic, hexagonal, tetragonal, rhombohedral, orthorhombic, monoclinic, and triclinic) based on the relationships between the cell dimensions and angles. Diagrams and examples of their geometry are included.
    • 14 types of Bravais lattices are possible, representing different ways unit cells can be centered.

    Metallic Crystal Structures

    • Simple Cubic (SC): Atoms are placed only at the corners of a cube. Packing density is relatively low. Polonium is an example.
    • Body-Centered Cubic (BCC): Atoms are placed at the corners and the center of a cube. Examples include alpha iron, chromium, tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum.
    • Face-Centered Cubic (FCC): Atoms are placed at the corners and the centers of each face of a cube. Examples include aluminum, copper, gold, lead, silver, nickel.
    • Hexagonal Closed-Packed (HCP): Atoms form a hexagonal arrangement in parallel layers. Examples include zinc, lithium, magnesium, beryllium

    Crystallographic Directions

    • Crystallographic directions are lines or vectors between two points.
    • Directions are represented by coordinates (x, y, z) of a point on a vector that passes through the origin, enclosed in square brackets [uvw].
    • The coordinates are reduced to their lowest terms.
    • Specific examples are given for hexagonal crystals. Conversion is described from notation with four parameters to three [xyuz] → [XYZ].

    Properties of Crystals

    • Coordination Number (CN): Number of nearest neighbor atoms/ions surrounding an atom/ion.
    • Atomic Packing Factor (APF): Ratio of volume of atoms in a unit cell to the volume of the unit cell (0.52 for SC, 0.68 for BCC, 0.74 for FCC and HCP).
    • Planar Density: Density of atomic packing on a particular plane. Formula given.
    • Linear Density: Number of atoms per unit length along a direction. Formula given.

    Metals

    • Metals are employed for various engineering purposes and requirements.
    • Iron is the most popular metal in the field of engineering and has a crystalline structure.

    Alloy

    • An alloy is a mixture or compound of two or more elements, at least one of which is metallic.
    • Alloying enhances some properties (strength, hardness) compared to pure metals.
    • Solid solutions can be substitutional or interstitial.
    • Substitutional: atoms of the solvent element are replaced.
    • Interstitial: the dissolving element fits into the vacant spaces between the base metal atoms.
    • Intermediate phases form when the amount of the dissolving element exceeds the solid solubility limit.

    Importance of Metals

    • High stiffness and strength, can be alloyed for increased rigidity, strength & hardness.
    • Toughness – capacity to absorb energy.
    • Good electrical conductivity – metals are conductors.
    • Good thermal conductivity – conduct heat better than ceramics or polymers.
    • Cost – Steel is competitive with other engineering materials.

    Metals Used in Manufacturing Process

    • Cast Metal: starting form is a casting.
    • Wrought Metal: metal has been worked or can be worked after casting.
    • Powdered Metal: starting form is very small powders.

    Classification of Metals (updated)

    • Ferrous Metals: Contain iron as a main constituent (cast iron, wrought iron, steel).
    • Non-ferrous Metals: Practically do not contain iron. (Aluminum, copper, tin, zinc, lead).

    Ferrous Metals (specific types)

    • (Existing information on specific ferrous metals types, their properties, and uses is retained. Additions below)*
    • Types of cast iron (gray, white, chilled, malleable, toughened). Properties and uses of each are given. Gray cast iron is soft and has low strength but is good for casting. White cast iron is hard and brittle, and used for making pump liners. Chilled cast iron contains high amounts of carbon, and is used in manufacturing items such as rail car wheels. Malleable cast iron is made from white cast iron and can be easily forged & welded, while toughened cast iron is made by combining cast iron with wrought iron scrap. The different types of cast iron are distinguished by their carbon content and metallurgical processing.
    • Wrought iron, properties and uses given. It is soft, ductile, malleable, tough, and resists corrosion. Typically used in forging & welding.
    • Steel, types (low/mild, medium, high carbon) and their properties and uses. Low-carbon steel is more malleable and ductile, medium-carbon steel offers higher strength and toughness, and high-carbon steel is harder and more brittle, often used in springs and tools.
    • Alloy steel, additional alloying elements added, and their properties and uses given. Specific examples of alloy steels like chromium steel, cobalt steel, manganese steel, tungsten steel, vanadium steel and nickel steel are provided, including their alloying elements, properties, and typical uses. The addition of alloying elements results in specialized properties for specific applications. The different types of steel are defined by their carbon content, with low carbon steels being more malleable and ductile, while high carbon steels are harder and more brittle.

    Non-ferrous Metals (specific types)

    (Existing information is retained)

    • Aluminum, properties and uses given. (Specific uses expanded) Uses for Aluminum include electrical conductors, alloys, cooking utensils, surgical instruments, parts of aircraft, and paints.
    • Copper, properties and uses given. (Specific uses expanded) Uses of Copper include electrical cables and wires, alloys, house hold utensils, bolts, nuts, tubes, pipes, and more.
    • Tin, properties and uses given. (Specific uses expanded) Uses of Tin include plating, lining lead pipes, making alloys and solders, and making various containers.
    • Zinc, properties and uses given. (Specific uses expanded) Uses of Zinc include galvanizing steel, roofing materials, pipes, certain alloys for brass, and negative poles of batteries.
    • Lead, properties and uses given. (Specific uses expanded) Uses include making shots, bullets, gas pipes, printer's type, plumbing, and roof coverings.

    Superalloys

    • Three main types (iron-based, nickel-based, cobalt-based).
    • Importance for room and high temperatures. (Details expanded) Superalloys exhibit exceptional strength and stability at high temperatures, making them crucial in high-temperature applications like jet engines, gas turbines, and other industrial processes. Examples of applications, including gas turbines, jet and rocket engines, steam turbines, and nuclear power plants, are provided.
    • Room temperature strength properties are good but not outstanding in comparison to other materials.
    • High temperature performance is excellent, featuring tensile strength, hot hardness, creep resistance, and corrosion resistance at very elevated temperatures. (Details expanded), specifically, maintaining their structural integrity, and resistance to deformation (creep), under high-temperature stresses.

    Metal Processing

    (Existing information is maintained)

    Metal Manufacturing: Production

    (Existing information is maintained)

    Metal Manufacturing: Fabrication

    (Existing information is maintained)

    Mechanical Properties of Materials

    (Existing information is maintained)

    Polymers

    (Existing information is maintained)

    Nanomaterials

    (Existing information is maintained)

    Chemistry and the Environment

    • (Existing information is maintained and updated where appropriate, adding detail on formation and composition of various soil types, and further expanding on the role/properties of chemical components of the atmosphere.) The formation and composition of soil are influenced by various factors such as parent material, climate, topography, biological activity, and time. Soil profiles consist of layers called horizons characterized by different physical properties (like texture, structure, and color) and chemical characteristics (such as pH and nutrient content). The atmosphere is a mixture of gases, primarily nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), and argon (Ar). Smaller quantities of gases like carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapor, and trace gases contribute to various processes. Note that water vapor plays critical roles in both the atmosphere and on the Earth's surface. It is a major component of the climate system, and acts as a primary source of energy for many natural processes influencing the environment, including weather patterns, plant life, and water cycles.

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