Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following best illustrates the principle of complementarity of form and function?
Which of the following best illustrates the principle of complementarity of form and function?
- Physiological research often leads to new discoveries in chemistry and physics.
- The function of the lungs in gas exchange is directly related to their large surface area and thin walls. (correct)
- Systemic anatomy considers the body as a collection of independent organ systems.
- The study of microscopic anatomy relies heavily on advanced imaging technologies.
A researcher is studying how different types of muscle tissue contract and generate force. At what level of structural organization is this research primarily focused?
A researcher is studying how different types of muscle tissue contract and generate force. At what level of structural organization is this research primarily focused?
- Cellular level
- Organ level
- Tissue level (correct)
- Chemical level
A scientist observes a sample under a microscope and identifies various types of cells, including neurons and glial cells. This activity aligns with which branch of microscopic anatomy?
A scientist observes a sample under a microscope and identifies various types of cells, including neurons and glial cells. This activity aligns with which branch of microscopic anatomy?
- Cytology (correct)
- Surface anatomy
- Regional anatomy
- Histology
Which of the following is the best example of studying anatomy at the organ level?
Which of the following is the best example of studying anatomy at the organ level?
A medical student is learning about the location and arrangement of blood vessels, nerves, and muscles within the upper limb. Which approach to anatomical study is the student utilizing?
A medical student is learning about the location and arrangement of blood vessels, nerves, and muscles within the upper limb. Which approach to anatomical study is the student utilizing?
Considering the structural organization of the human body, which level of organization includes two or more tissues working together to perform specific functions?
Considering the structural organization of the human body, which level of organization includes two or more tissues working together to perform specific functions?
A researcher aims to understand how the respiratory system works to deliver oxygen to the blood and remove carbon dioxide. This study falls under which discipline?
A researcher aims to understand how the respiratory system works to deliver oxygen to the blood and remove carbon dioxide. This study falls under which discipline?
Which of the following directly exemplifies the study of gross anatomy?
Which of the following directly exemplifies the study of gross anatomy?
Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between the mediastinum and the pericardial cavity?
Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between the mediastinum and the pericardial cavity?
If a doctor suspects a patient has a tumor in their lung, which imaging technique would provide the most detailed anatomical view with the ability to measure the mass precisely?
If a doctor suspects a patient has a tumor in their lung, which imaging technique would provide the most detailed anatomical view with the ability to measure the mass precisely?
Which of the following imaging techniques is the LEAST invasive and commonly used to monitor fetal development during pregnancy?
Which of the following imaging techniques is the LEAST invasive and commonly used to monitor fetal development during pregnancy?
A patient reports pain in their lower back. The doctor suspects an issue with an organ located retroperitoneally. Which of the following organs would the doctor MOST likely investigate?
A patient reports pain in their lower back. The doctor suspects an issue with an organ located retroperitoneally. Which of the following organs would the doctor MOST likely investigate?
A researcher is studying the metabolic activity of cancerous cells. Which imaging technique would be MOST suitable for visualizing areas with high metabolic activity?
A researcher is studying the metabolic activity of cancerous cells. Which imaging technique would be MOST suitable for visualizing areas with high metabolic activity?
Which of the following correctly matches the membrane with the body cavity it lines?
Which of the following correctly matches the membrane with the body cavity it lines?
A patient requires an imaging technique that provides information about the physiology of an organ rather than just its structure. Which of the following imaging methods would be the MOST appropriate choice?
A patient requires an imaging technique that provides information about the physiology of an organ rather than just its structure. Which of the following imaging methods would be the MOST appropriate choice?
A person is experiencing claustrophobia and needs an imaging technique performed. Which of the following imaging techniques would LEAST suitable for the patient?
A person is experiencing claustrophobia and needs an imaging technique performed. Which of the following imaging techniques would LEAST suitable for the patient?
Which of the following best illustrates the interaction between the respiratory and circulatory systems?
Which of the following best illustrates the interaction between the respiratory and circulatory systems?
If the body is overheated for a prolonged period of time, it can lead to heat stroke and death. This condition is called:
If the body is overheated for a prolonged period of time, it can lead to heat stroke and death. This condition is called:
Which of the following represents a catabolic process?
Which of the following represents a catabolic process?
The maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body, despite external changes, is known as:
The maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body, despite external changes, is known as:
Which of the following systems is responsible for the internal transport of nutrients and oxygen to body cells?
Which of the following systems is responsible for the internal transport of nutrients and oxygen to body cells?
Which system is primarily responsible for directing immediate responses to stimuli, typically by coordinating the activities of other organ systems?
Which system is primarily responsible for directing immediate responses to stimuli, typically by coordinating the activities of other organ systems?
The formation of a new organism from parent organisms describes what characteristic of life?
The formation of a new organism from parent organisms describes what characteristic of life?
Which of the following best describes the role of the urinary system in maintaining homeostasis?
Which of the following best describes the role of the urinary system in maintaining homeostasis?
Considering the levels of organization in the human body, which of the following lists them in the correct order from simplest to most complex?
Considering the levels of organization in the human body, which of the following lists them in the correct order from simplest to most complex?
Which of the following is an example of the 'responsiveness' characteristic of life?
Which of the following is an example of the 'responsiveness' characteristic of life?
Adequate atmospheric pressure is essential for human life because:
Adequate atmospheric pressure is essential for human life because:
Which of the following processes is an example of an anabolic reaction?
Which of the following processes is an example of an anabolic reaction?
Which of the following best describes homeostasis?
Which of the following best describes homeostasis?
Which organ system is responsible for producing blood cells?
Which organ system is responsible for producing blood cells?
What is the primary role of negative feedback mechanisms in maintaining homeostasis?
What is the primary role of negative feedback mechanisms in maintaining homeostasis?
A person is running a marathon on a hot day and sweating profusely. Which of the following requirements for human life is most directly addressed by this physiological response?
A person is running a marathon on a hot day and sweating profusely. Which of the following requirements for human life is most directly addressed by this physiological response?
Which of the following is an example of a process regulated by a positive feedback mechanism?
Which of the following is an example of a process regulated by a positive feedback mechanism?
In a homeostatic control system, what is the role of the effector?
In a homeostatic control system, what is the role of the effector?
Damage to which system would directly impair the body's ability to defend against infection and disease?
Damage to which system would directly impair the body's ability to defend against infection and disease?
If blood pH is 7.2, which of the following prefixes would best describe this condition in relation to the normal set point?
If blood pH is 7.2, which of the following prefixes would best describe this condition in relation to the normal set point?
Which anatomical term would you use to describe a structure located towards the front of the body?
Which anatomical term would you use to describe a structure located towards the front of the body?
A doctor orders blood to be drawn from the antecubital region. Where will the phlebotomist draw the blood from?
A doctor orders blood to be drawn from the antecubital region. Where will the phlebotomist draw the blood from?
If a patient complains of pain in the umbilical region, which area of the abdomen are they referring to?
If a patient complains of pain in the umbilical region, which area of the abdomen are they referring to?
What does the anatomical term 'superficial' refer to?
What does the anatomical term 'superficial' refer to?
A surgeon needs to make a sagittal incision. Which of the following best describes the direction of the cut?
A surgeon needs to make a sagittal incision. Which of the following best describes the direction of the cut?
What does the suffix '-algia' typically denote in anatomical terminology?
What does the suffix '-algia' typically denote in anatomical terminology?
Which term describes the region on the anterior side of the torso that is below the diaphragm?
Which term describes the region on the anterior side of the torso that is below the diaphragm?
What does the prefix 'osteo-' refer to in anatomical terminology?
What does the prefix 'osteo-' refer to in anatomical terminology?
Based on anatomical terminology, what does the term 'cutaneous' refer to?
Based on anatomical terminology, what does the term 'cutaneous' refer to?
A podiatrist is examining a patient's hallux. Which part of the body is the podiatrist assessing?
A podiatrist is examining a patient's hallux. Which part of the body is the podiatrist assessing?
Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions that take place in an organism.
Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions that take place in an organism.
Metabolism includes catabolism and diabolism.
Metabolism includes catabolism and diabolism.
All of the processes of metabolism are completely efficient.
All of the processes of metabolism are completely efficient.
You breathe out water vapor.
You breathe out water vapor.
Joanne was more hydrated than Lisa during this video.
Joanne was more hydrated than Lisa during this video.
The smallest independently functioning biological unit of an organism is a(n)
The smallest independently functioning biological unit of an organism is a(n)
which of the following is an example of a normal physiologic process that uses a positive feedback loop?
which of the following is an example of a normal physiologic process that uses a positive feedback loop?
which of the following imaging studies can be used most safely during pregnancy?
which of the following imaging studies can be used most safely during pregnancy?
The body system responsible for structural support and movement is the ___
The body system responsible for structural support and movement is the ___
which term describes the side or direction toward the side of the body?
which term describes the side or direction toward the side of the body?
what are two major disadvantages of MRI scans?
what are two major disadvantages of MRI scans?
metabolism can be defined as the____
metabolism can be defined as the____
which of the following specialties might focus on studying all of the structures of the ankle and foot?
which of the following specialties might focus on studying all of the structures of the ankle and foot?
which of the following imaging techniques would be best to use to study the uptake of nutrients by rapidly multiplying cancer cells?
which of the following imaging techniques would be best to use to study the uptake of nutrients by rapidly multiplying cancer cells?
cancer cells can be characterized as "generic" cells that perform no specialized body function. Thus cancer cells lack ___
cancer cells can be characterized as "generic" cells that perform no specialized body function. Thus cancer cells lack ___
A collection of similar tissues that perform a specific function is an_____
A collection of similar tissues that perform a specific function is an_____
a scientist wants to study how the body uses food and fluids during a marathon run. This scientist is most likely a(n) ______
a scientist wants to study how the body uses food and fluids during a marathon run. This scientist is most likely a(n) ______
stimulation of the heat-loss center causes _____
stimulation of the heat-loss center causes _____
humans have the most urgent need for a continuous supply of____
humans have the most urgent need for a continuous supply of____
which of the following statements about nutrients is true?
which of the following statements about nutrients is true?
which of the following is a living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiological functions necessary for life?
which of the following is a living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiological functions necessary for life?
after you eat lunch, nerve cells in your stomach respond to the distention (stimulus) resulting from the food. They relay this information to _____
after you eat lunch, nerve cells in your stomach respond to the distention (stimulus) resulting from the food. They relay this information to _____
to make a banana split, you halve a banana into two long, thin, right and left sides along the _____
to make a banana split, you halve a banana into two long, thin, right and left sides along the _____
what is the position of the body when it is in the normal anatomical position?
what is the position of the body when it is in the normal anatomical position?
what is the region indicated by the arrow?
what is the region indicated by the arrow?
what is the purpose of this region as indicated by the arrow?
what is the purpose of this region as indicated by the arrow?
what are these structures as shown by the arrows.
what are these structures as shown by the arrows.
what are these structures made of?
what are these structures made of?
what is the region called as indicated by the arrow?
what is the region called as indicated by the arrow?
____ processes across this region require energy.
____ processes across this region require energy.
this sugar cube being dissolved in water is an example of____
this sugar cube being dissolved in water is an example of____
______ & _____ can pass through this area (as shown by the arrow) because they are______
______ & _____ can pass through this area (as shown by the arrow) because they are______
substances that are _____ are not able to move across this region without some sort of assistance
substances that are _____ are not able to move across this region without some sort of assistance
what is this process known as?
what is this process known as?
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is an important molecule because it ____
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is an important molecule because it ____
Humans have the most urgent need for a continuous supply of ____
Humans have the most urgent need for a continuous supply of ____
CJ is stuck in their car during a blizzard. Their body responds to the cold by____
CJ is stuck in their car during a blizzard. Their body responds to the cold by____
the lumbar region is ______
the lumbar region is ______
the heart is within the ______
the heart is within the ______
In 1901, Wilhelm Röntgen was the first person to win the Nobel Prize for physics. For what discovery did he win?
In 1901, Wilhelm Röntgen was the first person to win the Nobel Prize for physics. For what discovery did he win?
Flashcards
Anatomy
Anatomy
The study of the form/structure of living things.
Physiology
Physiology
The study of the function of living things.
Gross Anatomy
Gross Anatomy
Study of macroscopic anatomy; studying large body structures visible with the naked eye.
Surface Anatomy
Surface Anatomy
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Regional Anatomy
Regional Anatomy
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Systemic Anatomy
Systemic Anatomy
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Microscopic Anatomy
Microscopic Anatomy
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Chemical Level
Chemical Level
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Cranial Cavity
Cranial Cavity
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Vertebral Cavity
Vertebral Cavity
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Ventral Body Cavity
Ventral Body Cavity
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Pleural Cavity
Pleural Cavity
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Mediastinum
Mediastinum
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Pericardial Cavity
Pericardial Cavity
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Abdominal Cavity
Abdominal Cavity
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Pelvic Cavity
Pelvic Cavity
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Organ System Level
Organ System Level
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Integumentary System
Integumentary System
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Skeletal System
Skeletal System
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Muscular System
Muscular System
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Respiratory System
Respiratory System
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Nervous System
Nervous System
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Circulatory System
Circulatory System
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Lymphatic/Immune System
Lymphatic/Immune System
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Endocrine System
Endocrine System
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Urinary System
Urinary System
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Digestive System
Digestive System
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Reproductive System
Reproductive System
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Organism
Organism
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Metabolism
Metabolism
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Responsiveness
Responsiveness
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Homeostasis
Homeostasis
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Receptor
Receptor
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Control Center
Control Center
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Effector
Effector
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Negative Feedback
Negative Feedback
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Positive Feedback
Positive Feedback
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Superior (Cranial)
Superior (Cranial)
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Inferior (Caudal)
Inferior (Caudal)
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Anterior (Ventral)
Anterior (Ventral)
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Posterior (Dorsal)
Posterior (Dorsal)
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Medial
Medial
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Lateral
Lateral
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Proximal
Proximal
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Distal
Distal
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Sagittal Plane
Sagittal Plane
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Study Notes
- Anatomy and physiology are biology branches to understand life.
Anatomy
- Study of the FORM of living things.
- Gross anatomy studies large body structures visible with the naked eye.
- Surface anatomy studies internal structures as they relate to the skin surface.
- Regional anatomy studies body regions like the head and extremities.
- Systemic anatomy studies structures of a particular body system regardless of location.
- Microscopic anatomy studies structures too small to see with the naked eye.
- Cytology studies cells, their components, and functions.
- Histology studies tissues and their functions.
Physiology
- Study of the FUNCTION of the parts of living things
- Form and function are closely interrelated; anatomy affects function, and understanding physiological mechanisms requires knowledge of structural relationships.
- Living systems are subject to physics and chemistry laws. Advances in understanding the human body often follow advances in physical or applied sciences.
Structural Organization
- Chemical level: Atoms form molecules/compounds with specific properties (e.g., water, glucose).
- Cellular level: Molecules interact to form cell organelles. Cells are the smallest units performing vital functions (e.g., muscle cells, nerve cells).
- Tissue level: Specialized cells and products perform specific functions (e.g., muscle, nerve, epithelial tissues).
- Organ level: Two or more tissues combine to perform functions (e.g., heart, lungs, stomach).
- Organ System level: Organs interact to perform vital life functions.
Organ Systems
- Integumentary: Skin, hair, nails; provides external support, protection, and temperature regulation.
- Skeletal: Bones; provides internal support, flexible framework, blood cell formation, and mineral storage.
- Muscular: Muscles attached to the skeleton; facilitates locomotion, support, and heat production.
- Respiratory: Lungs, trachea, larynx, nasal passages; exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood.
- Nervous: Brain, spinal cord, nerves; directs immediate responses to stimuli by coordinating other systems.
- Circulatory: Heart and blood vessels; transports nutrients and oxygen to cells, removes wastes.
- Lymphatic/Immune: Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow, tonsils; provides immunity, transports tissue fluid, and absorbs fats.
- Endocrine: Hormone-secreting glands (thyroid, pituitary, etc.); secretes hormones for long-term change in other systems.
- Urinary: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra; filters blood, removes wastes, controls pH, and electrolyte balance.
- Digestive: Salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder; processes food for nutrients, minerals, and water and eliminates waste.
- Reproductive: Ovaries, uterus, etc. in females; testes, etc. in males; produces sperm/egg, secretes hormones, and enables copulation.
- Organism level: All cells, tissues, organs, and systems work together to maintain life. It is the most complex level.
Functions of Human Life
- Biology is the study of life
- All living things share the same basic functions and characteristics.
- Organization: Separation of areas, control of substance entry/exit.
- Metabolism: Chemical reactions (anabolism and catabolism)
- Anabolic: Smaller molecules combine to form larger ones, NEEDS energy (endergonic).
- Catabolic: Larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones, RELEASES energy (exergonic).
- Adenosine triphosphate (ATP): Stores and releases energy
- Responsiveness: Adjusting to internal and external changes.
- Movement: Coordinated change in location or position.
- Development: Changes during the life cycle.
- Growth: Increase in body size.
- Reproduction: Forming new organisms.
Requirements for Human Life
- Oxygen: Primary atmospheric gas. Brain cells need lots of oxygen
- Lack of oxygen leads to brain damage within 5 minutes, death in 10 minutes.
- Nutrients: Organic (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins) and inorganic compounds (water, minerals).
- Macronutrients: Needed in large supply.
- Micronutrients: Needed in small amounts.
- Narrow Range of Temperature
- Hyperthermia: Overheating leads to heat stroke and death. Sweating cools the body using evaporation.
- Hypothermia: Excessive cold leads to shock and death. Shivering generates heat.
- Atmospheric Pressure: The force exerted by a substance. The human body can withstand a certain range in pressures from the atmosphere or the diving in the ocean.
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis: Maintaining internal constancy or balance.
- Vital for survival; failure leads to illness or death.
- Homeostatic control maintains a normal range. E.g., blood pH ranges from 7.35-7.45, but the ideal is 7.40.
- Homeostatic regulation involves feedback mechanisms:
- Receptor: Detects changes in the environment.
- Control center: Processes information and sends commands.
- Effector: Responds to commands by opposing the stimulus.
- Negative feedback mechanisms:
- Reduces stimulus, essential for stability.
- Examples: Body temperature, heart rate, blood-glucose.
- Positive feedback mechanisms: Intensifies or enhances stimulus.
- Amplifies change, not typically used for homeostasis.
- Examples: Blood clotting, labor contractions.
Anatomical Terminology
- Medical terms are based on word roots, prefixes, and suffixes.
- Superficial and regional anatomy indicate body locations.
- Abdominal: Anterior torso below the diaphragm.
- Acromial: Point of shoulder.
- Antebrachial: Forearm.
- Antecubital: Front of elbow.
- Axillary: Armpit.
- Other anatomical terms for locations of the body
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
- Right Upper: Liver.
- Left Upper: Stomach, spleen.
- Left Lower: Descending colon.
- Right Lower: Cecum, ascending colon.
Abdominopelvic Regions
- Umbilical: Around the navel.
- Epigastric: Superior to the umbilical region.
- Hypogastric: Inferior to the umbilical region.
- Right and left hypochondriac: Lateral to the epigastric region.
- Right and left lumbar: Lateral to the umbilical region.
- Right and left iliac (inguinal): Lateral to the hypogastric region.
- Superior (cranial): Above, toward the head.
- Inferior (caudal): Below, toward the lower part of the body.
- Anterior (ventral): Toward the front.
- Posterior (dorsal): Toward the back.
- Medial: Toward the midline.
- Lateral: Away from the midline.
- Intermediate: Between medial and lateral structures.
- Proximal: Closer to the origin or attachment point.
- Distal: Further from the origin or attachment point.
- Superficial (external): Toward the body surface.
- Deep (internal): Away from the surface.
Sectional Terms (Planes)
- Sagittal: Divides body into right and left parts.
- Midsagittal (median): Divides body exactly in the midline.
- Parasagittal: Sagittal planes offset from the midline.
- Frontal (coronal): Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
- Transverse (horizontal): Divides the body into superior and inferior parts.
- Oblique: Diagonal cuts.
Body Cavities
- Protect organs and allow shape changes.
- Dorsal body cavity:
- Cranial cavity: Contains the brain.
- Vertebral cavity: Contains the spinal cord.
- Ventral body cavity (coelom): Houses viscera.
- Thoracic cavity:
- Pleural cavities: Contain the lungs.
- Mediastinum: Between pleural cavities; contains thymus, lymph vessels, esophagus, trachea, nerves, and the pericardial cavity that contains the heart.
- Abdominopelvic cavity:
- Abdominal cavity: Digestive organs.
- Pelvic cavity: Bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum.
- Serous membranes line dorsal and ventral cavities to provide lubrication.
- Meninges line the dorsal cavity.
- Pleura lines the pleural cavity.
- Pericardium lines the pericardial cavity.
- Peritoneum lines the abdominal cavity.
- Nasal cavity: Air passage.
- Orbital cavity: Houses the eye.
- Middle ear cavity: Contains ossicles.
- Synovial cavity: Joint cavities filled with synovial fluid.
Medical Imaging
- X-Ray: Electromagnetic radiation creates shadows of dense structures.
- Computed Tomography (CT): Multiple X-rays create detailed images, but radiation exposure is high.
- Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI): Uses electromagnets and radio waves without radiation.
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET): Radioactive contrast highlights areas of high metabolic activity. PET shows physiology, while CT and MRI show anatomy.
- Ultrasonography: Uses sound waves, is non-invasive, and is used during pregnancy.
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